What Was The Interior Policy Of President Arthur Barclay?

Arthur Barclay, a prominent Liberian president from 1904 to 1912, was known as the “father” of Liberia’s Open Door Policy. He advocated for internal economic development and inherited an empty Treasury and unfavorable conditions. After his inauguration in 1904, Barclay expanded Liberian rule over the hinterland, summoning a congress in Monrovia.

Barclay’s administration marked the rise of pure black immigrants from the West Indies and initiated a policy of direct cooperation with the tribes. He obtained a loan from London in 1907 and made significant efforts at reform. After leaving the presidency in 1912, Barclay served as Secretary of Interior, State, Treasury, and War. He represented Liberia on the 3-man League of Chiefs and invited chiefs to his inauguration in 1904.

Barclay’s policy of “Direct Cooperation” led to the creation of the Liberian Frontier Force and the first president to argue for an Open Door Policy against the Port of Entry law. His tenure extension in the Barclays and Tubman administrations can be attributed to a consolidated effort for personal gain.

Barclay also created the Liberian Frontier Force and was the first president to argue for an Open Door Policy, against the Port of Entry law. His policies were instrumental in promoting the country’s expansion from the coast to the interior of what became Liberia. On July 10, 1938, Barclay passed away at the age of 84.

Who was the president of Liberia in 1912?

Arthur Barclay, a prominent African politician, served as Secretary of State and 14th President of Liberia from 1904-1912. He changed terms multiple times and was re-elected three times. His nephew, Edwin J. Barclay, completed King’s term and became the 17th president of Liberia. Barclay and his successor were the first African heads of states invited to the U. S. by President F. D. Roosevelt. Edwin’s visit to the White House marked the first time African American journalists were assigned to cover diplomatic visits.

What was President Arthur known for?

Chester Alan Arthur, the first president of the United States, was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus since the end of the Civil War. He vetoed the first version of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, which included a ban on Chinese immigrants, but signed a second version that included a ten-year ban. Arthur appointed Horace Gray and Samuel Blatchford to the Supreme Court and enforced the Immigration Act of 1882 and Tariff of 1883 to impose more restrictions on immigrants. He also signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883, surprising reformers who held a negative reputation of Arthur as a Stalwart and product of Conkling’s organization.

Suffering from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure the Republican Party’s nomination in 1884 and retired at the end of his term. His failing health and political temperament combined to make his administration less active than a modern presidency, but he earned praise among contemporaries for his solid performance in office. Modern historians generally rank Arthur as a mediocre or average president, and he has been described as one of the least memorable presidents.

Arthur was born in Fairfield, Vermont, to Malvina Stone, daughter of George Washington Stone and Judith Stevens. Her family was primarily of English and Welsh descent, and her maternal grandfather, Uriah Stone, had served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution.

Who was the first black president of Liberia?

Joseph Jenkins Roberts, a wealthy merchant from Monrovia, became the first black ACS governor of Liberia in 1841. He was elected president of an independent Liberia in 1848 and achieved international recognition before leaving in 1856. After serving as president of Liberia College, he served as Liberian president from 1872-1876. His second wife, Jane Waring Roberts, was born in 1836. Roberts achieved international recognition for the new country before leaving in 1856.

Who was the vice president for Arthur Barclay?

Arthur Barclay, born on July 31, 1854, was the 15th president of Liberia from 1904 to 1912. Born in Bridgetown, Barbados, he was the father of Anthony Barclay, who served on the Supreme Court of Liberia, and the uncle of the 18th president, Edwin Barclay. Barclay immigrated to Liberia with his father in 1865 and was educated by his sister, Antoinette Barclay. He later attended the Preparatory Department of Liberia College and graduated as a Bachelor of Arts in 1873.

Was President Arthur assassinated?

Chester A. Arthur passed away on November 18, 1886, due to Bright’s disease, a fatal kidney ailment. He was diagnosed in 1882 and kept it secret. Despite his condition, he made little effort to seek a second term, losing the Republican nomination to James G. Blaine on the fourth ballot at the convention. Arthur tried to resume law practice but his ill health prevented him from doing much work. The disease weakened his heart, making it too frail to go fishing, which was his great love. He was buried in Albany, New York, with his successor, President Grover Cleveland, in attendance.

Which president created Liberia?

The American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Color of the United States (ACS) faced disagreements with the colonial agent over unfair allocation of town lots and rationing provisions. Several settlers armed themselves and forced the society’s representative to flee the colony. However, an ACS representative eventually returned and initiated steps to establish a local administration and codify laws, leading to the Constitution, Government, and Digest of the Laws of Liberia.

This document allowed the colony to operate under common law, prohibiting slavery and participation in the slave trade. The settlement, Christopolis, was renamed Monrovia after American President James Monroe, and the colony was officially named Liberia.

Slave states in North America encouraged the formation of colonization societies, which formed independent colonies in Liberia for transplanting free African-Americans. Some “volunteers” were emancipated only if they agreed to emigrate. The Maryland State Colonization Society established its colony in Cape Palmas, Liberia, while Virginia and Mississippi also established colonies for former slaves and free blacks in Liberia.

Why did the U.S. create Liberia?

The founding of Liberia in the early 1800s was driven by domestic politics of slavery and race in the United States, as well as U. S. foreign policy interests. In 1816, a group of white Americans founded the American Colonization Society (ACS) to address the growing number of free blacks in the United States by resettling them in Africa. The resulting state of Liberia became the second black republic in the world at that time.

ACS members included prominent Americans like Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John Randolph. Former President Thomas Jefferson publicly supported the organization’s goals, and President James Madison arranged public funding for the Society.

The ACS gained powerful support and its colonization project gained momentum. In 1818, the Society sent representatives to West Africa to find a suitable location for the colony, but they were unable to persuade local tribal leaders to sell any territory. In 1820, 88 free black settlers and three society members sailed for Sierra Leone, where they found shelter on Scherbo Island, but many died from malaria. In 1821, a U. S. Navy vessel resumed the search for a permanent settlement in Liberia, but local leaders resisted American attempts to purchase land.

In 1824, the settlers built fortifications for protection, and the settlement was named Liberia and its capital Monrovia, in honor of President James Monroe who had procured more U. S. government money for the project.

Who was president after Arthur?

Chester A. Arthur was the 21st president of the United States, succeeding President James A. Garfield on September 19, 1881, and ending on March 4, 1885. He had been vice president for 199 days before his presidency. Arthur faced ill health and lack of party support by the end of his term, making only a token effort for the Republican presidential nomination in the 1884 election. He was succeeded by Democrat Grover Cleveland.

In the 1880 Republican National Convention, Arthur was chosen as the running mate of dark horse nominee James Garfield due to his association with the Republican Party’s Stalwart faction. Despite his reputation as a New York City machine politician, Arthur embraced the cause of U. S. Civil Service Reform and advocated for the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. The Pendleton Act laid the foundations for a professional civil service that would emerge in subsequent decades.

At a budget surplus, Arthur signed the Tariff of 1883, reduced tariffs, vetoed the Rivers and Harbors Act, and oversaw a building program for the United States Navy. After the Supreme Court struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875, Arthur favored new civil rights legislation to protect African-Americans but was unable to win passage of a new bill.

The 1884 Republican National Convention passed Arthur over James G. Blaine, but Cleveland defeated him in the 1884 presidential election. Arthur’s failing health and political temperament made his administration less active than a modern presidency, but his reputation has mostly faded from public consciousness.

Who was the first black African president?

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (born Rolihlahla Mandela on July 18, 1918) was a South African anti-apartheid activist, politician, and statesman who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was a graduate of the University of Fort Hare, the University of London, the University of South Africa, and the University of the Witwatersrand.

Who was the president before Arthur?

Chester A. Arthur, born in Fairfield, Vermont in 1829, served as the 21st President of the United States from 1881 to 1885. He was born to a Baptist preacher from Northern Ireland and received his education at Union College, subsequently practicing law in New York City. Arthur was renowned for his dignity, imposing stature, and the clean-shaven chin that distinguished him. He held the position of Quartermaster General of New York during the Civil War.

Who was the first female president of Liberia?

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, born on October 29, 1938, is a Liberian politician who served as the 24th president of Liberia from 2006 to 2018. She was the first elected female head of state in Africa and was educated at the College of West Africa and the University of Colorado Boulder. Sirleaf worked in William Tolbert’s government as Deputy Minister of Finance from 1971 to 1974 and later for the World Bank in the Caribbean and Latin America. In 1979, she was appointed as Minister of Finance and served until 1980.

After a coup d’état in 1980, Sirleaf fled to the United States, working for Citibank and Equator Bank. She returned to Liberia in 1985 to contest a senatorial seat, but was arrested for her open criticism of the military government. She was sentenced to ten years imprisonment, but was later released. Sirleaf continued to be involved in politics, finishing second in the 1997 presidential election, won by Charles Taylor.