The Apollo 11 lunar module, also known as the Lunar Module (LM), was a two-stage craft designed by Grumman to transport two astronauts from lunar orbit to the lunar surface and back. It stood 22 feet and 11 inches tall with a diameter of 31 feet. The module was made of two parts and spanned about 250 meters. The astronauts took two core tube samples of lunar soil and packed them along with the lunar samples.
The Lunar Lander, or LM, had a mass of around 2500 kg on its launcher and weighed 33,000 pounds. The upper ascent stage consisted of a pressurized crew, and the module had 235 cubic feet of interior space for a crew of two astronauts. The module was 23 ft 1 in (7.04 m) wide and 13 ft 10 in (4.22 m) wide before its landing gear was extended.
A lunar lander is a spacecraft designed to land on the surface of the Moon, and the Apollo Lunar Module is the only lunar lander to have this feature as of 2024. The lunar module was 13 ft 10 in (4.22 m) wide before its landing gear was extended, and it was 31.0 ft (9.4 m) wide with the gear extended.
Although the LM model on exhibit is one quarter the size of the actual LM, it was 17.9 ft. (5.5 m) tall and approximately 14.0 ft. (4.3 m) in diameter with a landing. Several materials were used to protect the inner structure from temperature and micrometeoroids, with specially designed materials maintaining temperature.
📹 What’s inside of the Lunar Module?
The Apollo Lunar Module was the part of the Apollo Spacecraft that landed on the moon. The LM was split up into two parts – the …
Was the LEM pressurized?
The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was a two-stage vehicle designed by Grumman to transport two astronauts from lunar orbit to the lunar surface and back. It consisted of an upper ascent stage with a pressurized crew compartment, equipment areas, and an ascent rocket engine, and a lower descent stage with landing gear and lunar surface experiments. LM 2 was built for a second unmanned Earth-orbit test flight, as the successful test flight of LM 1 during the Apollo 5 mission made it unnecessary.
LM-2 was used for ground testing before the first successful Moon-landing mission. In 1970, the ascent stage of LM-2 was displayed at Expo ’70 in Osaka, Japan. It was later reunited with its descent stage, modified to resemble the Apollo 11 Lunar Module “Eagle”, and transferred to the Smithsonian for display.
How much RAM did the lunar lander have?
The Apollo Guidance Computer, weighing 70 pounds and with only 36K of RAM and 2K of ROM, successfully guided 27 astronauts to the moon’s orbit and returned them safely. It consisted of a small keyboard for astronauts and a larger logic unit. The first Apollo Guidance Computers were assembled by Raytheon employees in 1962 and used around 4, 000 discrete integrated circuits from Fairchild Semiconductor. Two other onboard computers were a flight computer on the Saturn V booster rocket and a backup computer on the lunar module.
How big is a lander?
NASA’s InSight Mars lander, built on the design of the Mars Phoenix lander, has a length of 19 feet 8 inches (6 meters) with solar panels deployed, a width of 5 feet 1 inch (1. 56 meters), a deck height of 33 to 43 inches, a robotic arm of 5 feet 9 inches (1. 8 meters), and a weight of 794 pounds (360 kilograms). The arm lifts a seismometer and heat flow probe from the deck, providing color 3D views of the landing site, instrument placement, and activities. The lander took its final selfie on April 24, 2022, marking the 1, 211th Martian day of the mission.
Did the Lunar Lander have windows?
Corning Inc.’s historic 5-by-13-inch rectangular docking window, created by Neil Armstrong, was utilized by the astronaut himself to direct the Apollo 11 lunar module to the surface of the moon. Currently, Scott Sutton, the product line manager at Corning, is a leading authority on the utilization of Corning Inc. glass products in extraterrestrial environments.
Did the Apollo 11 crew sleep?
The Apollo 11 mission’s sleep restraint, made from beta fabric, is a lightweight sleeping bag that was attached to the CO2 absorber stowage boxes and command module inner structure. It features a zipper opening for the torso and an opening for the astronaut’s head. During launch, the restraints were rolled and stowed against the side wall and aft bulkhead. At reentry, one of the three restraints was used to stow the crew’s three spacesuits. NASA transferred the sleep restraint to the Museum, but it is currently on loan or in storage.
How big is the spacex starship interior?
The Starship V1, the largest active or planned launch vehicle, has a payload bay measuring 17 meters tall by 8 meters in diameter. Its internal volume of 1, 000 cubic meters is slightly larger than the International Space Station’s pressurized volume. The vehicle’s prototype SN20 is visible at the launch site, with a distinctive stainless steel structure and dark thermal protection tiles covering the other side. Starship V1 is used for crew and cargo interplanetary transport, refueling operations, and point-to-point transport on Earth.
How thick were the walls of the moon lander?
The Apollo lunar module’s hull, constructed from aluminum, exhibited a thickness comparable to that of aluminum in a soda can in certain areas, thereby serving as a substantial structural component.
How big is the Altair lander?
It is anticipated that the Altair, a spacecraft, will exceed a length of 9 meters. The spacecraft is expected to be 7 meters in height and have a volume of 31. 8 cubic meters (1, 120 cu ft). The Apollo lander, which was operational from the 1960s to the 1970s, had a height of 6. 37 meters and an interior volume of 6. 65 cubic meters (235 cu ft).
Did the lunar lander have a toilet?
NASA and the public are working on a new toilet system for the Apollo spacecraft, which did not have any toilets at all. The crew had to pee into a rubber tube, which transferred liquid either outside the spacecraft or into a storage container. Pooping was even worse, using plastic bags with sticky rings around the rim. The crew disliked the messy and odor-controlled environment, and it was difficult to seal the bags without a buddy’s help. This is not the way NASA and the public want to go back to the Moon 50+ years later.
How big is lunar lander?
A private lander made the first U. S. touchdown on the moon in over 50 years, but only managed to send a weak signal back until flight controllers could gain better contact. Intuitive Machines, the company that built and managed the craft, confirmed that it had landed upright, but did not provide additional details, including whether the lander had reached its intended destination near the moon’s south pole. The company ended its live webcast soon after identifying a lone, weak signal from the lander, named Odysseus.
The landing put the U. S. back on the surface for the first time since NASA’s famed Apollo moonwalkers. Intuitive Machines also became the first private business to pull off a lunar landing, a feat achieved by only five countries. Another company gave it a shot last month, but never made it to the moon, and the lander crashed back to Earth. Astrobotic was among the first to relay congratulations, and Intuitive Machines “aced the landing of a lifetime”.
The final few hours before touchdown were loaded with extra stress when the lander’s laser navigation system failed. The company’s flight control team had to press an experimental NASA laser system into action, with the lander taking an extra lap around the moon to allow time for the last-minute switch. With this change finally in place, Odysseus descended from a moon-skimming orbit and guided itself toward the surface, aiming for a relatively flat spot among all the cliffs and craters near the south pole.
Intuitive Machines’ entry is the latest in a series of landing attempts by countries and private outfits looking to explore the moon and, if possible, capitalize on it. Japan scored a lunar landing last month, joining earlier triumphs by Russia, the U. S., China, and India.
How big is the Chang E 5 lander?
Chang’e 5, a lunar space probe, launched with an estimated mass of 8, 200 kg, with the Lander at 3, 200 kg and the Ascender at 700 kg. Unlike Chang’e 4, which had a radioisotope heater unit, Chang’e 5’s Lander stopped functioning after the lunar night. It carried four scientific payloads, including a Landing Camera, Panoramic Camera, Lunar Mineralogical Spectrometer, and Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar. Chang’e 5 collected samples through drilling for subsurface samples and scooping for surface samples, using a scooping device developed by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
📹 How big was the inside of the lunar Lander?
Discover the Surprising Truth about the Lunar Lander’s Interior Space! Join us on a fascinating journey into the cramped cockpit …
The Apollo Spacecraft is one of my favorite topics! Thanks everyone for perusal and supporting my articles😎 Watch my 3 part series on the Apollo Spacecraft: youtu.be/8dpkmUjJ8xU Learn more cool facts about the Lunar Module that I didn’t include in this article: patreon.com/posts/finished-video-28251494
Jared, thanks for the info. I used to work for a sub contractor that made the trainers for the personnel on the flights. I remember working on the LEM. Standing inside the LEM and looking at all of the gauges, switch panels, and dials. Absolutely breathtaking. Still remember thoise images to this day. Thanks again.
Growing up in the early seventies the world was space mad I would get luner models for Christmas to glue together and paint and put on display with great pride, so in fact I knew a lot of what was on board these space craft, I remember getting luner modules as miniature toys at the bottom of cornflake boxes that was very exciting for a seven year old too, anyway thankyou Jared another excellent article, cheers mate, ps I was six years old when I watched Neil Armstrong walk on the moon at school,the entire world seemed to stop for an hour or two on that day so my teachers were literally screaming with excitement,as Neil said those few words, man you really had to be there it was something else, Apollo 13 by Ron Howard caught a little bit of that excitement surrounding the Apollo missions but it wasn’t like the real thing,
What’s cool is that even with late 60s technology, the LM had auto guidance capability, and getting from orbit to the landing zone was almost entirely automated. The Lunar Guidance Computer steers the LM from parking orbit down to final approach, which might be as low as 500 feet. From there the astronauts could flip to attitude hold mode and manually land.
Jared, I sincerely appreciate the good work that you are doing with these animations. Especially, the one on the lunar module. I’m currently working on my PhD dissertation and one chapter includes the ALSEP experiment. And I didn’t know which quadrant the ALSEP was stored in till I saw your article. I might end up using a graphic from that article to show where it was stored if that is alright with you. Otherwise, keep up the great work! – Best regards
1:58 The Lunar Module actually played a very very very important role in Apollo 13. After the o2 tank explosion which crippled the command module Odyssey, the astronauts, with no other choice, shut it down and powered up the Lunar Module, Aquarius. They used the LEM oxygen supply to survive, and used its descent engine to get on a free-return trajectory. If this had happened on a mission such as Apollo 8, with no LEM, the crew would have for sure died.
Mylar is grey, not orange. It was used on the LM, but only in enclosed areas where the temperatures weren’t too extreme. The stuff on the outside is actually aluminized Kapton, a wide-temperature plastic that gives it that gold color. The two propellant tanks on the ascent stage were the same size (volume). The oxidizer is denser than the fuel, so they had to be mounted asymmetrically to maintain the proper left-right weight balance.
The fuels for the LM was a hyperbolic type, which when combined cause a superheated steam jet. The ‘fuel’ was aerozine a highly corrosive liquid. The oxidizer was nitrous oxide N2O4. When combined there was an explosive reaction. My dad was an electrical engineer at Grumman. He was involved with the LM project, when I was 10 years old he brought me into plant 5 to see the high bay white room with almost all of the LM ‘s in a row. LM 1 was already tested at this time on the apollo 5 unmanned mission to test the vehicle in space.
The ascent stages of the Apollo 9 LEM (Spider) and the whole Apollo 13 LEM (Aquarius) burned up in earth’s atmosphere. The ascent stage of the Apollo 10 LEM (Snoopy) was jettisoned into a heliocentric orbit. In June 2019, an astronomer announced that they had located it. All of the other LEM ascent stages launched were deliberately crashed into the moon. The sound waves of their impacts were recorded by instruments left on the moon. This was done to get a better understanding of the geology of the moon.
I’ve watched a bunch of your articles but had somehow missed this one! A few other tidbits worth noting: – The descent stage rocket was the world’s first throttle-able rocket – it could be turned up or down in power, whereas most rockets are all or nothing (hence the importance of timing the burns exactly). This was necessary for making the landing work. – The ascent stage rocket by contrast was designed to be as simple as possible, so there was almost no chance of it failing and stranding the astronauts on the moon. Two chemicals that when mixed (via a simple valve) ignite of their own volition, no separate ignition system needed. – There are no seats in the decent stage – to save weight. The astronauts piloted it down standing up.
You started with …” 2019 being the 50th anniversary of the first lunar landing.”. 50 years! And after Apollo 17, we never went back! Or established a lunar base! No country did! Think how far we have advanced, technologically, in that span of time. Now think how much more advanced we could have been, had we stayed the course, that we started as a species. Excellent article, by the way.
I saw one of the LM’s at the NASM in DC. We passed it the first time and I thought it was a high school mock up. When we returned to that area I was hanging out by it while my wife was off doing something. I was AMAZED to learn it was an actual unused LM. I couldn’t believe the guys on the earlier missions actually trusted that to get them to and from the moon. Just amazing and so much respect for the team that made the moon landings possible.
My best friends dad was in charge of the wiring for the LEM. Anyone who lives in Bethpage calls it the LEM. The ascent stage mixed a combination of fuel that when combined created the thrust, no pumps, no igniter. Each egine was a throw away engine, meaning it could never be used again after it was fired The ascent and decent stage was connected with wiring that ran through a guillotine. As soon as the rocket fired the explosive guillotine cute the wires to allow it to separate. If that failed or the engine failed, the astronauts would be stranded. My friends father had to stay at the plant until the astronauts were safely aboard the command module. I lived in Bethpage across from the plant where they built the LEM. Did you know they always built two of them that were identical? If something went wrong, the engineers could use the one on the ground to help correct the problem. After the moon landing, Grumman pushed the secondary LEM into the parking lot and spray painted it camo green. I used to see it out there every day. It was so sad to see it out there in the rain, snow etc. Grumman waa bought out by Northrop, they closed the plant, layed off 100s of thousands of employees, sold some of the land to developers, ripped up the runway they had (they landed a Grumman Guppy there to xport the LEM to NASA) the huge hangers are now used as a sound stage for movies. The HQ building is used by a cable company. It brings a tear to my eye every time I see the plant. Leroy Grumman built a wonderful company and Northrop ruined it
Thank you so much for this article… So many Lunar Landing Deniers who have no idea what went into actually putting men on the moon.. One of the main arguments that the The Landing was filmed in a studio, is, who was articleing the first astronaut stepping on the moon.. Your article answers that.. So many of their arguments of it being fake, have been answered in your article.. Thank you again.
Thanks! You showed the design well. As a kid in 1969 my friend “Hank” and I had plastic models of the Saturn rocket. As the Moon Mission progressed start to finish, from launch to recovery, we duplicated every step with our models… Rocket stages separated, CM pulled LM out, separated, LM landed, returned safely to Earth,…every action simulated as we watched our TV sets. I recently visited Huntsville AL., and saw the Enormous Saturn V rocket standing erect at the NASA museum at the Redstone Arsenal… OMG! I was so stunned. And proud.
Another great article Jared. One thing I should mention is the reason why only 3 of the legs had the contact probes. Originally, all 4 had them but at some point, they felt the one were the ladder was also attached might become a tripping hazard depending on the way it ended up after the landing. They figured the best solution was simply to eliminate it altogether. Keep up the great work!
Interesting fact of the Ascent engine is that it couldnt be tested before the flight. Its fuels were so corrosive and fired on contact to avoid a electrical system. So it was sealed up and had to work first time when the time came to leave. Early versions has injector problems and were not very “perfect” and they changed it at the last minute and all 6 worked off the surface perfectly so i guess that was a good decision. They fired a fixed thrust unlike the throttleable descent engine.
The legs of the lander had crushable struts as until the first landing no one really knew how far the legs would sink into the moon’s surface. This is why the ladder seems to have a long distance from the bottom rung to the lander foot pad. Niel Armstrong had to test if he could safely re climb the ladder before Buzz Aldrin came down too. Also the fuel used to land and launch the lem burnt a very clear flame hence you don’t have a similar look when launching from Earth. Yet the phone or tablet most of us use to view such articles have so much more power than the computers used in the space program. Ironic that a machine that has the power to calculate launch and telematry to the moon and back today is primarily used to view kittens antics or porn. Sad! Great article, thanks for all your hard work.
You forgot that the ascent module for Apollo 10 — Snoopy — was sent into heliocentric I(around he sun) orbit after being jettisoned from the CSM. Snoopy is, in fact, the only surviving LM ascent stage that actully flew. The ascent stages from Apollos 9 and 13 reentered Earth’s atmosphere and burned up. The ones from 11, 12, 14-17 all crashed back into the moon after they were let loose.
The LM was an amazing vehicle. Humanity’s first true dedicated spacecraft, she never suffered a major failure nor caused a fatality. The Apollo 13 LM, Aquarius, served as the lifeboat to save the astronauts after the command module oxygen tank explosion. As someone from NASA described it, on Apollo 13, the LM’s performance “greatly exceeded” its design specifications. The Grumman employees who designed and built them should rightfully be very proud.
“On Earth, it took many long years of trial and error, many failed test flights, many unfortunate accidents, and many, many trips back to the drawing board before we could safely and reliably launch men into low-Earth orbit. But on the Moon? We nailed that shit the very first time. Today, of course, we can’t even launch a space shuttle from right here on planet Earth without occasionally blowing one up, even though we have lowered our sights considerably. After all, sending spacecraft into low-Earth orbit is considerably easier than sending spacecraft all the way to the friggin’ Moon and back. It would appear then that we can draw the following conclusion: although technology has advanced immeasurably since the first Apollo Moon landing and we have significantly downgraded our goals in space, we can’t come close to matching the kick-ass safety record we had in the Apollo days. The thing is that, back in the frontier days, we didn’t need all that fancy technology and book-learnin’ to send Buzz and the boys to the Moon and back. Back then, we had that American can-do spirit and we just cowboyed up and MacGyvered those spaceships to the Moon. All we needed was an old Volkswagen engine, some duct tape and a roll of bailing wire. Throw a roll of butt-wipe and a little Tang on board and you were good to go.” centerforaninformedamerica.com/moondoggie/
So it took FIFTY DAMN YEARS for me to find out how they managed to shoot the very first steps of Neil Armstrong’s descent of the ladder (4:28). I always “under estimated” their tech savy back in ’69 to actually have a camera ready to do that and so in that, I wondered. No little gremlins were there to be the operators of said cam…hahahaha LOL
Great article and modelling. Thank you. It would be helpful for further understanding to show to scale how two astronauts in full suit and headgear together with life-support packs maneuvered in this confined space. How was the lunar dust from the suits dealt with? Was there maintenance required on the life support packs between excursions? Where were all the experiments stored? How were they moved to the surface? The real issue is not the craft and its layout, but the usability and provision of a safe environment for two crew living in this space for upwards of three days in what must be one of the most hostile environments in the solar system.
I remember seeing the first landing, have always been fascinated by the space programs and the hardware, but I’ve never heard of or seen these ‘plume deflectors’. Since perusal this I’ve Googled it and they are in every picture. How did I miss this? I don’t know, but 50 years later I’m still learning something, thanks.
Every good answer spurs another question. The Ascent Stage had a docking window to help alignment for docking with the Command Module. From The Earth to The Moon episode called Spider tells the story of the process quite nicely. They decided to lose the seats, large bubble windows, and second docking hatch to save weight. Initially, they believed that the LM would need to have a Docking Window for the Commander to dock with the CSM, but it was easier for the Command Module Pilot to dock with the LM Ascent stage in the same manner it had already been done when extracting the LM from the upper stage.
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Very minor nit: the “gold foil” on the outside was aluminized Kapton, not Mylar. Mylar was also used, but not on the external surface because Kapton could withstand wider temperature ranges. Kapton is orange-yellow while Mylar is grey. The aluminum was on the rear surface so you are seeing light passing through the Kapton and back, making it appear gold.
Nicely done article! If you understand the workings of the Lunar Module (the four-legged moon lander), you generally will understand how the other parts of each Apollo mission worked, from launch to return to Earth. It’s also interesting to see where the lunar rover car was stored (in the later moon missions), and what was under the LM’s other bumps and quadrants. Some may wonder why NASA decided on a lunar lander at all — Why we didn’t simply land the main Service Module on the moon and skip the Lunar Module? The answer is that, if the Service Module was going to land on the moon and later lift off, taking the astronauts directly back to Earth, that Service Module would been so much heavier and complicated. Using the lightweight Lunar Module allowed a much easier lunar landing and take-off.
Oh! And one of my best-friends from HS had his father build the Seismometers used on some of the ALSEP Missions, some of which are still in use and returning data (these also contained the Mirrors used to bounce lasers off). The father was “Raymond Staton” who was a Seismic/Geological Engineer (or, still is, but is long retired). That was something of an awe inspiring discovery to make when it was casually mentioned during lunch one day.
The gold covering is not Mylay What is used It is called multi-layer insulation (MLI). It is very light but extremely strong. It is for thermal control and protects the delicate on-board instruments from the extreme temperatures of space. Mylar, also known as BoPET (Biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate) is a polyester film made from stretched polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and is used for its high tensile strength, chemical and dimensional stability, transparency, reflectivity, gas and aroma barrier properties, and electrical insulation. …… I work with the stuff
How did they sleep ? There does not seem to be room for 2 beds and did they really stand up during landing and esspecially takeoff with the all that acceleration throwing them about. Even changing position must affect the balance of the craft. And listening to their conversation with earth there is no noise from the roaring engine they are sitting on top off??
Scott Manley did a article on how the Apollo 11 ascent stage might still be in orbit around the moon, a guy did the research using a NASA tool to what might happen to it’s orbit over time and there is a chance it didn’t crash into the moon “is Apollo 11’s Lunar Module Still In Orbit Around The Moon 52 Years Later”
When you see the lunar lander in person it is very large. It is much bigger than the impression you get perusal it on a screen. As a matter of fact everything about Apollo is on a very large scale when you see it for yourself at NASA. The first stage engines are incredibly large and are the most powerful engine ever built! They never failed either and it just blows my mind how much fuel the fuel pumps could pump a second. The engines were throttleable and moved to change the angle of thrust to keep the rocket flying straight.
Yeah, my understanding is that the fuel that was used on the descent stage was a binary type of fuel, And all that needed to happen was that the two fuels needed to dO was make contact with each other and they would react making a combustible mixture that would serve as a propellant, Even though the spacecraft was in a vacuum environment, That Fuel mixture didn’t have to be ignited, It was a self starting mixture, Definitely a weight saving strategy, No extra electronics involved, Just the two chemicals needed to mix with each other in order to ignite, Plus my understanding is that those chemicals were safe as long as they were separated from each other, So they were safely transported Aboard the various spacecraft without any danger to the crew or the various spacecraft involved, Because the two chemicals had to make contact with each other in order to ignite, Definitely some awesome chemistry, Not to mention some awesome engineering,
How did they dress up in that extremely narrow crew compartment and got out with their heavy suits on without breaking or hitting any equipment, remember breaking any equipment means they are living dead. Another interesting fact which is the door opens inside which makes the crew compartment even more congested. How did they get out. 🤨
How was the LEM re-pressurised (as Neil Armstrong said it was once they were both back inside and the door closed) before take-off? On Earth, ‘air’ is taken into a plane to enable pressurisation of the locations where humans are but, if the Moon has no air, do you know what system they use to achieve the same affect on the Moon? Thanks.
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Thank you Jared. After perusal this detailed article now I know FOR SURE that there’s NO WAY we ever went to the moon. There is NO WAY those two grown men would be able to move around in that small LEM. Especially when you take into consideration that they were wearing thick, bulky SPACESUITS. I mean how the hell did they sleep, eat and get in and out of those space suits in such a small, confined area. And then how the hell were they able to squat down and crawl out of the LEM and on to the moon surface through that small hole. Bottom line, we NEVER went. Case closed.
Thank you for your excellent animation of the LM! I had just turned 11 when Apollo 11 made its historic mission, and we watched every broadcast that NASA offered to the networks. I later purchased and built the Revelle 1/144 scale Saturn V with all stages and components removable, including the LM. I then built the LM model itself complete with gold mylar descent stage covering! However, the interior was not a finished feature and I had always wondered exactly how the cockpit looked and what was in all the compartments. Again, thank you for fulfilling a decades long wish! You’re very talented Jared. Keep up the great work!