Planetary differentiation has been observed on various celestial bodies, including planets, dwarf planets, the asteroid 4 Vesta, and natural satellites like the Moon. ESO’s New Technology Telescope (NTT) has provided evidence that asteroids can have highly varied internal structures. Remote observations of the asteroid Ceres have provided approximate density and shape, leading to a range of models for its interior. The second most massive asteroid, 4 Vesta, has differentiated to a crust, mantle, and core.
This paper focuses on an interdisciplinary method modeling the internal structure of differentiated asteroids via a data-driven approach called invertible neural. Asteroids are minor planets classified as C-type and are rocky, metallic, or icy bodies with no atmosphere. They are classified as C-type and are classified as C-type.
Vesta, a large P- and D-type asteroid, has a differentiated interior composed mainly of basaltic rock with minerals such as olivine. No meteorites from Ceres have been found on Earth. Vesta is the second largest asteroid in our asteroid belt and is the only large asteroid showing evidence for complete differentiation. Differentiated asteroids are rare in the main asteroid belt despite evidence for approximately 100 distinct differentiated bodies in the meteorite record.
Vesta is a classic example of a largely intact differentiated body, covered with basalts and having a differentiated interior. It is only slightly larger in mean diameter than 2 Pallas but is about 25 times larger.
📹 Top 10 Most Astonishing Asteroids w/ Scott Manley
The top ten most interesting asteroids, with Scott Manley and Astrum! We’re turning our attention to some of the smaller but …
Which type of asteroid has differentiated?
Vesta, a dwarf planet, is almost spherical and separated into crust, mantle, and core, similar to Earth. The Dawn mission aimed to understand why Vesta formed early, within 1 to 2 million years of the solar system’s birth. Short-lived radioactive material incorporated into bodies heated them, causing denser materials to sink to the core and lower-density materials to rise. Vesta has one of the largest brightness ranges observed on any rocky body in the solar system, with bright materials being native rocks and dark material deposited by other asteroids.
Scientists estimate that about 300 dark asteroids with diameters ranging from one to 10 km hit Vesta during the last 3. 5 billion years, covering it in a blanket of material about three to seven feet thick. An extensive system of troughs encircles Vesta’s equatorial region, with the largest, Divalia Fossa, bigger than the Grand Canyon.
Are ordinary chondrites differentiated?
Chondrites are non-metallic meteorites that have not been modified by melting or differentiation of the parent body. They are formed when dust and small grains in the early Solar System accreted to form primitive asteroids. Some of these bodies, captured in the planet’s gravity, become the most common type of meteorite by arriving on a trajectory toward the planet’s surface. Estimates for their contribution to the total meteorite population vary between 85.
7 and 86. 2. Their study provides important clues for understanding the origin and age of the Solar System, the synthesis of organic compounds, the origin of life, and the presence of water on Earth. Chondrules, round grains formed in space as molten or partially molten droplets of distinct minerals, typically constitute between 20 and 80 of a chondrite by volume.
What planets have differentiated interiors?
The differentiation phenomenon, which is no longer observed on the Moon and Mercury, may still be occurring on Mars and Venus, and has been confirmed to be occurring on Earth.
What is a differentiated asteroid?
Differentiated asteroids are believed to be objects or fragments of objects that were once heated to the point of partial melting and geochemical segregation of materials. Vesta is a classic example of an intact differentiated body, covered with basalts and possibly an iron core. Other asteroids, such as M-type bodies, V- and J-class objects, A-type asteroids, and E-type asteroids, may be fragments of Vesta’s crust or mantles of differentiated bodies. Their spectra are not compatible with being undifferentiated. Some or most S-types may also be differentiated bodies.
Metallic, stony-iron, and achondritic stony meteorites are believed to be derived from these and analogous asteroids, generally located in the inner to middle parts of the asteroid belt. These materials have been subjected to long-term heating well above 1, 000 K, and water has not been present. They seem to be less likely to harbor biological materials than undifferentiated but metamorphosed asteroids.
Which type of meteorite is most likely to be differentiated?
Achondrites are meteorites composed of materials that have undergone melting and differentiation during the formation of a planetary body.
Which type of asteroid would be from the core of a differentiated asteroid?
The planetesimal can be differentiated into two main categories: S-type (stony) asteroids, which are formed from the silicate rocks of the crust and mantle layers, and M-type (metal) asteroids, which are formed from the metallic elements of the core, such as iron and nickel.
Does Mars have a differentiated interior?
Mars, like Earth, heated up as it formed from dust and meteoritic material orbiting the Sun. Over millions of years, it separated into three layers: crust, mantle, and core. InSight’s mission measured the depth, size, and structure of these layers. Scientists found the crust was thinner than expected and may have two or three sub-layers. The mantle, beneath the crust, extends 969 miles below the surface. The crust may have two or three sub-layers, and the mantle extends 969 miles below the surface.
Which kind of meteorite came from the core of a differentiated asteroid?
Due to their hardness, which renders them resistant to disruption, their slow migration through Yarkovsky drift, and the fact that their precursors are located near resonances that efficiently transport material to Earth, iron meteorites, which are core fragments from differentiated planetesimals, are common.
Are chondrites undifferentiated?
Chondrites are undifferentiated rocks with silicate minerals and iron/nickel metal in close proximity. Geochemical and textural evidence indicates they have remained below their melting temperatures since formation. They are undifferentiated and have remained below their melting temperatures since formation. Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B. V., its licensors, and contributors. All rights reserved, including text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
Does Venus have a differentiated interior?
Venus, like Earth, has a similar structure with a core, mantle, and crust. Its size and density are similar to Earth, and its cooling rate is similar to Earth’s. Venus’ core is mostly iron, nickel, sulphur, and little to no oxygen. The main difference between Venus and Earth is that it lacks evidence of plate tectonics at the surface.
Venus’ crust appears locked, similar to Mars, but there is no evidence for recent tectonic activity. Due to its young surface age, it is inferred that the entire planet experienced a global resurfacing event. The mantle temperatures rise, weakening the crust, and a large subduction event starts until the entire surface is recycled. This process occurs cyclically on Venus, known as surface in an episodic regime, with episodes of resurfacing subduction followed by long episodes of stagnant lid convection.
What is a differentiated meteorite?
Meteorites from melted asteroids, also known as differentiated meteorites, have undergone significant chemical or physical changes and solidify. They often have an iron core and concentric layers, surrounded by a silicate mantle and crust. This structure is similar to terrestrial planets like Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth. Iron meteorites can provide valuable insights into the formation of metallic cores.
📹 What Is Planetary Differentiation?
Welcome, my name is Phil, and in this video I discuss what planetary differentiation is. The process of planetary differentiation …
I don’t know how many times I have come back and watched this article. This is fascinating. Lot’s of valuable material without a pesky gravity well. These things could hold the key to the survival of the human race. They hold a record of the history of the solar system that is just waiting to be read in detail. Jest imagine sending advanced robots to a small metallic asteroid the size of a house and working it into a radio telescope dish a mile across. Imagine a million other things that can be done with them.
Very interesting type of “reflection” Guys! it is continuing reflect the Sun light even in the shadow when the Ceres turns. These lights looks like the city’s lights on the Earth. Actually, no bad place for the base. Good gravity, liquid water underneath and pretty good orbit to explore the Solar system.
Very interesting but how many times would I have to watch this article before I understand. Perhaps I should take notes and a list of all ten and study each separately. I am not the brightest in fact I am more like asphalt. I had a stroke a few years ago and… oh well boring but nice article. I wonder if 21 Lutetia was part of the core of the destroyed planet that now makes up most of the asteroid belt?
I would think 16 Psyche would fall high on your list Mr. Manley. As the exposed exposed iron core of a protoplanet it is very dense and metal rich. It is a prime candidate for future asteroid mining and development. 16 Psyche is interesting enough for NASA to have approved a mission to it launching in 2022 and arriving in 2026 with a Mars gravity assist in 2023.
The highly reflective surfaces on Ceres is probably alien Amazons and their Aphrodite belt cities. Btw, Eros is actually a part of William Marston’s Golden Age Wonder Woman stories (Sensation Comics #11 for those curious). I was hoping you’d write abt Comas Sola (another asteroid involved in Wonder Woman comics, specifically All-Star Comics #13 co written by Gardner Fox and Marston himself.
Eros is interesting from a mining geophysicist’s standpoint. Platinum probably means palladium, too. Along with gold and perhaps as much silver as the total of the other 3 metals. To make it even better it is probably much richer in iron and aluminum. Titanium, tungsten… It might be worth another visit, soon.
12:23 What on earth are those layers around the equator of Vesta? As if it were sculpted from a slab of sedimentary rock! Is this evidence of a primitive magma circulation? A flow rising from north (and south) poles, then turning south (and north, respectively) as an outward radiating flow, the southward and northward flows colliding at the equator where they sink like a pair of Hadley cells?
Hey! You could consider this a request… but considering theirs only so much you can do on space, why not constellations! 😀 (more specifically the twelve zodiac constellations) Now don’t get me wrong, I DO NOT expect you, nor want you to talk “about” the sign, and what it represents; but rather the constellation on its own. Are their exo planets their? what are their names? Could their be black holes? What’s the biggest/smallest thing their? Why could they of been chosen to represent each individual sign? Their is simply so much you could do with this kind of topic, and also evolve the website, so it could have a more diverse article move pull. And, you could also capture the attention of other audiences. Please at least consider. I can easily see this working, and would love to see your analysis on the constellations. <3 keep up the great work, these articles are BEYOND underrated, and defiantly reach far and beyond regular standards. Plz don't quit 🙂 Thanks for reading! PEACE
The only difference between comets and asteroids is a comet is electrically discharging due to their extreme, orbits subjecting the bodies to different environments as it travels through the Sun’s electrical gradient. A comet is not an icy body, and sublimation of gases are not the cause for their prominent tails. Each comet we visited, especially Comet 67p, has baffled mainstream astronomers and forced a revision of their theories.
Videos on asteroids fail to mention that we now have the technology to off set the devastating effect they can have once they hit the earth. We have developed two technologies that can save the earth.1) We can land a satellite on an asteroid, 2)We have developed powerful lasers that can shred an asteroid into many pieces. So when one enters the earth’s atmosphere, the pieces will burn out or get small and thus become ineffective.
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so 20 million tonnes of gold is on it’s way to earth ? Forget Armageddon! Let’s slow it down! Sculpt it!. An interplanetary Sculpture made of pure gold. It would make the perfect Mascotte for humanity in space. Just Imagine Hopping on a starship on it’s way to Mars and on the way looking out to see the Gold COMET MAN. (I know It’s technically Asteroid man but comon. Comet man Sounds better)
Is it rather a (flat shaped) disc, than a torus-like belt? No one could tell (me) so far. I wouldn’t call it a belt-shaped gathering just because of a few irregular rocks. Have we found out jet? After getting confirmed, i’d like to call it the asteroid disc, similar to the Edgeworth comet disc, commonly simple referred to as Kuiper belt. Help astromoners calculate lightcurves with your impressive cpu-cores using the asteroids(at)home boinc client
You have free will, but look at it like this: 2 choices. You can believe in God and His Love and protection and care, or, believe you are lucky an asteroid didn’t hit you and wipe out all your friends and family. Now what seems stupid? Stay with God and even if there was an asteroid you would help that it doesn’t cause any harm. Decide.
If you were to stand on an asteroid, especially a small one, what would be your experience? Would you see the your view as moving? Sense movement, such as a rotating type or tumbling? Or, would it be some thing completely different. Of course, we need to over look the fact, you’re standing on an asteroid.
Excellent, intelligent and well researched article. The only comment is to address a ‘movie’ misconception. If one travelled through the asteroid belt one would not be dodging small bodies all over the place. If anything you probably would not get close to any of them. That is because distances between at around 3 AU is huge, despite how many there are.
Bravo! Story idea, you two should work together,more, I’ve noticed the Chinese landed something on the dark side of the moon, can you proof that for me ? Match photos to known maps, have we dectecter their radio instructions ? Do their claims fit the data ? Does nasa have a moon orbiter now, maybe took some pictures of interest, are we sure? Btw I believe it, just not to a dead rock certainty …ya know?
Well done! We are bombarded daily from meteoroids of all shapes and sizes as they enter our atmosphere. Sooner or later we will get hit by the big one over a major city. It would be interesting to see what type of defenses we have to combat this threat in one of your articles. I am not putting my faith in the Space force to save the day!
Those brights spots in the crater on Vesta are where it is actively reacting with the solar wind. The “unexpected” energetic nature of them(their brightness, etc) is predicted and expected when viewed from an electrical/magnetic angle, as it should be. Clearly plasma, ions, and various other electric/magnetic forces dominate the sun, the objects in our solar system and galaxy. The extremely dark albedo can be explained by being zapped with cosmic scale plasma. Those goofy lines that encircle Ceres(scene on other objects too) can only be explained by a force being applied as it rotated. I can’t remember if the “water vapor” emanating from Vesta was actually H20 or hydroxl. Regardless this obsession/insistence that comets are chunks of ice is because HYDROXL is observed in cometary coma. This is easily explained by the fact the solar wind is mostly Hydrogen. The comets have lots of available Oxygen in the form of that very common green mineral that I cant remember right now! It has 3-5x more Oxygen then other elements. The hydrogen ions pick off oxygen atoms as they are want to do and presto copious amounts of O-H/Hydroxl(water is hardly observed mind you! they make it sound like it is being observed but that is a lie. They say it was water but the sun broke it down into hydroxl. The electrical nature of a comet, the sun/solar wind, and the coma makes perfect sense for hydroxl production!)
I know my comment on this article is extremely late, but I really enjoyed it. One thing I love about YouTube is that really good articles like this one pop up once in a while. I do have a question though….. How is it that a small asteroid like 25143 Itokawa has enough gravity to hold boulders and small rubble together? What keeps it together? As you can surely tell, I’m only a novice who is fascinated with space related things like even small asteroids. I’m new to your website and I see that you’re still posting some really good stuff here. I’ll be binge perusal a bunch of it over the next few months.
How can comets, small asteroids or planets form solid compacted rocks with only minuscule gravity ? And any soil or sand would be held down so weakly it would have no solid surface . It would be as thin as mud or fluff . Even the Solar Wind could blow it away . But every comet seems to be made of solid rock ! So what’s going on ?
Why do different entities have the same names…ie Juno asteroid/also Juno spacecraft – Ganymed asteroid/Ganymed Jovian moon- Charon pluto binary/ Chiron,centaur asteroid— Titan/Triton- and Eris/Eros /Iris….. Pallas /Pales IO/INO you get the picture!!! I know there is so many objects to name ..but it seems like they make it difficult on themselves.
I’ve always wondered why we don’t put satellites into permanent orbit around every planet to monitor each, continuously. It seems like it would be a much better utilization of funding and have greater scientific returns. As the status quo now exists, these insanely expensive missions seem like NASA just needs an event to talk about until the next fiscal round and isn’t really interested in long term science. Almost every mission I can think of (with the exception of the Voyagers), always ends in a quick fly-by, burn-up, slingshot or boomerang back to earth. It’s like a massive game of celestial peek-a-boo for our collective infantile mind. When are the grown-ups going to run NASA? You’ve heard the expression “throwing money to the wind”. Well, we really need a better ROI in space!
Feels like Athena is getting shafted, her brothers uncle and dad get planets but she just gets a dinky asteroid? Pallas should be something more epic I mean with the days of the week, Thor and Odin get their days understandably, but Freya gets her own day. I mean Venus, come on, Aphrodite was a babe but Athena was way cooler haha At least they’re all classic gods, no dull modern monotheistic mythology
We are always talking about, what would happen if an asteroid hit the Earth. I don’t know why no one is looking into self replication mining robots. We say that this is not possible, but that’s not true. Let us say to make a devise that can do what we do on Earth, but in space, how big would it need to be? Let say something that could mine, process, and manufacter a Asteroid would require something the size of a super tanker. Sure, that would be expensive, and difficult, but not impossible. We could build this super tanker sized robot, and it could make a copy of it’s self. It might take a year, maybe ten, but after that, we would have two. Also, technology keeps improving over time. Let us say it takes ten year for this giant mining robot to make a copy of it’ self. Then those copies make two more copies in ten years, and so on, and so forth. Eventually, they would eat up all the asteroids near the sun, and have to move out further. After a certain point, these mining robots would out produce every mining, and manufacture industry on Earth. We could turn space into a manufacturing floor for Earth, and earth could become a wild life part we all lived on. This is in no way impossible. Let say that we have all these mining robots in space, and they have eaten up everything out there including the Oort Cloud material, and Kuiper belt too. All this material is just processing everything it can get it’s hands on. On every odd day this Mechanical Asteroid cloud surounding the sun would grab up stray asteroids finishing thousand year old orbits.
You can literally hallucinate objects and beings into existence because what’s happening is you’re tapping into that pure abstract creative potential of mind. That’s exactly what you want. Of course it can be kind of freaky but a psychedelic is that times a thousand. See so again the point is not to achieve some blissful state or to see some cool colors or to travel to some new dimension you can do all those things. That’s nice, that’s fun. The point is the lessons the insights you get and the meta understanding of how this entire process works because as you’re exploring all your different domains you’re learning about your own mind. How the mind of God is generating reality and why it’s generating it. ☄
@Astrum – lovely, just lovely. Ceres, by the way, has human facilities since the sixties and was part of the original “stargate” (portal) experiments and serves as a hub for many civilizations “in the neighborhood”. Many references are made to Ceres in the SSP interviews (once you get past the “I was traumatized…” bits – yes, dear, your conscription as a child was undoubtedly horrible and as the wiped memories leak through you can tell us all about the base on Ceres…). Have fun in your explorations and don’t get distracted by the very human responses to rather nasty circumstances on behalf of Space Marines (not affiliated with U.S.M.C.). When I find the better vids on SSP I will post for you Mister Manley. One needs to be impeccably discerning when it comes to stuff like the SSP and yes, many of the stories are drenched in torture and self-pity – it is challenging to get past all of the human emotional components of shadow gov’t doings. I do my best. Be well.
Well done Astrum. I enjoy the facts and the images, and the selected ambient background music. articles could be better for the American audience (students) by translating the metric into the ‘American’ system. (I assume you’d like to increase your audience.) I teach K-12 and my kids hold interest until meters are used. My University students are just as unfocused. Use the Metric System but translate or at least have distance references to creat distance references in my student’s minds.
Since. Asteroids are Just Boring Lame Chunks of Rock and Metal in Space in the Asteroid Belt. Leftover Formation of the Inner Planets of the Solar System. I Love the Kuiper Belt More. Because They’re the Home of Many Ice-Frozen Dwarf Planets like Pluto, Haumea and Makemake. And a Ginormous Bubble in Space Made of Quintillion of Ice Chunks and Dirty Ice Fragments. And it’s 3 LightYears in Size. Called the Oort Cloud. Is My Favorite Part of the Solar System