Desert landscapes are characterized by interior drainage, where streams often drain into landlocked basins where they cannot flow out. This pattern is common in deserts, as there are mountains between the desert and the nearest ocean. The Great Basin, the largest area of interior drainage in North America, is the largest such region, with no outlet to the ocean and all precipitation remaining in the basin or evaporated.
Interior drainage is a drainage system that does not flow to one of the Earth’s major oceans, unlike normal basins that collect in rivers and flow to the ocean. Desert lakes form when rainfall or meltwater in interior drainage basins is sufficient, and these lakes are generally shallow, temporary, and salty.
The Maaza Plateau, located in the west of the Red Sea Mountains and north of Qena Bend of the Nile Valley, is another area with internal drainage. This pattern occurs when there are mountains between the desert and the nearest ocean, and the waters do not continue to the ocean either on the surface or underground but evaporate within the land area.
Disasters often exhibit an interior drainage pattern, where streams empty into landlocked basins, becoming temporary sources of water. Evaporation can cause desert erosion, and the lack of vegetation also helps keep soil intact. Playas, which occupy the flat central basins of desert plains, require interior drainage to a zone where evaporation greatly exceeds inflow. When flooded, a playa can become a significant source of water for the desert.
📹 Burj Khalifa | The Secrets of its incredibly Strong Foundation
How such a massive building able to stand strong on loose Dubai soil? Let’s explore all the secrets of Burj Khalifa’s foundation in …
What is the meaning of interior drainage system?
Interior drainage refers to a drainage system where water evaporates within land areas, not reaching the ocean. Collocations are words used together to provide natural sounding language for speech and writing. Harper Reference offers study guides for various topics, such as crossword puzzles, knot tying, and college essay writing tips. They cater to all study needs and ensure a comprehensive learning experience.
What is the internal and external drainage system?
Water drainage systems are essential for collecting water near your foundation and directing it away from your house. These systems are typically installed by construction companies in new homes, often buried under landscaping. They work without requiring maintenance and do not infringe on the square footage inside the home. The exterior water drainage system typically lasts 15-25 years, depending on external conditions.
However, it has a limited lifespan due to its outdoor location and the influence of factors such as high water tables, soil composition, and seasonal variations. Therefore, it is recommended to choose an exterior water drainage system when building a new home.
What is meant by interior drainage?
The text offers insight into the subject of drainage in an interior basin, emphasizing the value of consulting the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary for its comprehensive lexicon of over 200, 000 words. A complimentary trial period is available for unlimited access to the largest dictionary in the United States.
What is internal drainage?
Internal drainage can be defined as the process of draining an intraperitoneal cavity into a hollow organ, obviating the necessity for external drainage tubes. This concept is particularly pertinent in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) training and text and data mining. The utilization of cookies on this website is subject to the copyright notice © 2024 Elsevier B. V., its licensors, and contributors.
What is the meaning of interior deserts?
Interior deserts are located in the heart of continents and are characterized by minimal precipitation. They are often referred to as inland deserts. Moisture-laden winds do not affect these deserts, and air masses from coastal areas have lost all moisture by the time they reach the interior. Some deserts are characterized by exceptionally high temperatures, with daytime temperatures reaching up to 54°C.
What is internal vs external drain?
Interior drainage systems, such as foundation waterproofing and damp proofing, are a more durable alternative to exterior drainage systems, which can become ineffective over time due to dirt buildup. These systems are difficult to access and can cause irreversible damage to a building or property. Foundation drains are buried underground and made of perforated 4-inch plastic, PVC, or flexible ABS pipe, known as “Drain Tile”. These pipes channel water away from an area, with perforations (holes) and surrounding stone or gravel.
The water enters through the holes and runs toward the sump crock to be pumped out. Understanding residential and commercial foundation drainage systems can be complex and confusing for homeowners and property managers. The goal is to avoid complications resulting from water damage, such as foundation cracks, mold, and settling, which are often uninsured due to their nature.
What is the definition of internal drainage in soil?
Internal drainage refers to the movement of water within the soil, even in the presence of adequate surface drainage, which can result in the prolonged retention of water.
What is a basin of interior drainage?
A drainage basin is a land area where water from rain or snow melt flows downhill into a body of water, such as a river, lake, wetland, or ocean. It includes both the streams and rivers that convey the water and the land surface from which it drains into those channels. A natural drainage basin is one where the outlet point is a natural occurring feature, such as at stream confluences, stream outfalls into waterbodies, and impoundments. The DEP’s hierarchical system of drainage basin delineation and numbering allows for the association of physical resources to the naturally occurring drainage system that covers Connecticut.
This information can be used to determine where rainfall naturally flows over the land and downstream to a particular watercourse, identify upstream contributing watersheds, and for cataloging purposes, a drainage basin identifier can be associated with any location on land or water in Connecticut. However, the accuracy of basin boundaries may not be accurate in areas that have been diked for flood control, upland wetland, reservoirs having outlets into two basins, and areas where topographic mapping is not up to date, inaccurate, or not detailed enough to adequately define local drainage.
What does internal drainage mean in soil?
When rain or irrigation ceases, the infiltration of water from the soil surface ends, and the downward movement of water within the soil continues as soil water redistributes within the profile. This downward movement is called internal drainage, which increases the water content at the subsoil. Soil drainage is classified into classes based on the duration of soil saturation. Excessively drained soils have rapid water removal without internal free water, well drained soils have slow water removal during certain periods, moderately well to somewhat poorly drained soils with Fe, Mn, or grey mottles present, and poorly to very poorly drained soils with mottles of Fe and Mn present in the upper 30 cm of the soil, or grey colors of reducing conditions, with a permanent water table usually at a depth greater than 75 cm. In some cases, groundwater may reach the surface during the wet period of the year, and these soils are wet at shallow depth for long periods.
What is internal and external drainage?
A drainage system is a network of pipes, channels, and other structures designed to carry water away from a specific area, such as rainfall or household use. It is crucial for maintaining hygiene and preventing water damage inside buildings. Internal drainage systems are installed within buildings and structures, primarily responsible for collecting and removing water generated indoors from fixtures like sinks, showers, toilets, and washing machines.
The main components of internal drainage systems include pipes and plumbing fixtures, traps, vents, and drains. Pipes are installed within the walls and floors of buildings to carry wastewater away from fixtures, while traps are curved sections of pipe beneath sinks and other fixtures to hold a small amount of water, preventing sewer gases from entering the building. Vents allow air to enter the drainage system, ensuring smooth water flow and preventing pressure build-up.
Drains collect wastewater from fixtures and direct it towards the main sewer line, which carries it away from the building. In urban areas, the sewer line connects to the municipal sewer system, while in rural areas, it may connect to a septic tank or drainage field.
What is meant by interior drainage when talking about deserts?
Deserts frequently exhibit an interior drainage pattern, with streams discharging into landlocked basins that function as provisional water sources. These basins can also precipitate salt beds and other evaporitic minerals.
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I think another design to overcome the wind striking the Burj Khalifa is actually the shape of the building itself the engineers called it somewhere in the lines of “Fooling the wind” and the design is a sort of “3 leaf clover” and as it goes up higher each petal gets smaller and smaller in a rotational order this design basically prevents vortices from forming on the sides of the building… that was quite a rough explanation of what I know about the tower design so I hope you understood at least a little bit
The piles will be corroded anyway with time, wont it? I mean, given maybe a few centuries, they almost certainly will be. Is there a plan to rebuild them slowly in the future or something? I caught myself perusal articles from the past century or two and it seems we dont ever stop and think about the future of our buildings like that, but they will be around.
Interesting steps they took to offset the concrete temperature rise while it cured (Ice & night pouring). Many of the “rebar” at Boulder Dam were pipes. After a section was poured, they pumped cooling water thru them so the heat could be rejected using external cooling towers. When finished, they filled the pipes with concrete. Impossible to do a single pour for Boulder Dam – too big. Instead, they made each section a complex shape that interlocked with the next sections. It’s called a “sacrificial anode”; all boaters know about them. We use zinc sacrificial anodes to keep our propellers from going away. Use of titanium is very interesting.
Stocks, bitcoin, forex and cryptocurrency are falling and bond yields are rising, but markets still don’t seem convinced the Federal Reserve will pursue plans to keep increasing interest rates until inflation is under control. I’m still at a crossroads deciding if to liquidate my $150,000 stock portfolio, what’s the best way to take advantage of this bear market?
Very interesting! The principle used here is the very same as in every hot water tank. Sacrificial anode. Out of sight, out of mind. Every building has a final life. This will eventually open up to new minds on how to renovate or re-certify say after 40 years or so. Surfside Florida will be long forgotten when this one comes down. Btw: this building is not connected to a sewage system. Re-finance options were all exhausted well before. The Eiffel Tower is still standing because its footprint vs height does not violate the laws of physics. Standing by for the ultimate news from this region on the day to come.
A marvel of engineering design with some very patient intelligent and hard working labor force behind the construction of some of man-kinds most incredible building structures. The “everything” that goes into making these tall buildings stand up into the clouds is unbelievable for a majority of those who are not familiar in the construction field. Thanks to the people who put together these articles and for those that have the pleasure to watch them, its great that you have described the details of such in layman’s terms(simple and easy to understand). Otherwise there would be a lot of questions that I’m sure would be overwhelming itself, let alone the questions that arose before they began the construction process on such an enormous achievement. Incredible.
I am supposing this method has been done many times in the building of bridges. Some bridges are built over the sea that has salt water from the ocean. Pretty sure their foundation could be on sand or weak soil. However a bridge probably doesn’t have as much weight pushing down or as too heavy as this structure. To me it would have made more sense to build it outward rather than upward. That way the mass of the building is spread out making it easier to balance. I think for the tallest building record would be better built in a mountain with solid rock. 😝
This is a great article. A couple of suggested clarifications: 1. This is impossible to drill with auger excavator, it would have to be with drill rig. 2. Polymer slurry is same density as water, but has a Marsh Funnel Viscosity at that is 3-5X that of water hence the polymer doesn’t seep into the soil and doesn’t allow water to enter, provided the water head inside the shaft is higher than outside. They likely only had a small temporary casing to work around the shaft and keep up the slurry head. 3. In theory, steel is inert in alkaline medium like concrete, so provided the concrete cover is met, it shouldn’t rust – this also depends on the concrete exposure type to resist things like salt. In some cases they use galvanized rebar for extra protection or fiber reinforced polymer rebar which has higher tensile strength but brittle, so mostly used for things like TBM head walls. Having said that I had never heard of this system. Thanks for sharing
Most of those solutions are very innovative and sophisticated, but to build a forest of piles below a new construction is been applied extensively in Venice since its foundation to counter the downwards push on its silty underwater ground. The Santa Maria della Salute bassilica is thus built upon a forest of about one million of wooden piles that prevent its enormous mass to sink into the lagoon ✋
I think ppl haven’t seen Dubai enough I lived in Dubai for 20 years before finally coming back to home country i.e India And one thing I have noticed is that not only that Dubai is filthy rich but also they have got everything covered They have plans for sustainability after oil runs out They plan on being fully electric by just a few more years They have built many things that suggest this theory They have solar panels that are actually powering a whole building made by DEWA ( Dubai electricity and water authority) that’s also the company I use to work in. Even tho India is my home country I still admire Dubai’s extensive planning and execution of their goals for future I would want India to learn from them and do the same ❤❤❤ Dubai is technically ahead by atleast 5-10 years In Terms of thoughts about future Every country should do this
Frictional resistance decreases with vibration. If you vibrate a rod as you insert it into sandy soil, you can drive it as deeply as you want it to go – there will be no resistance. Telephone poles are regularly “vibrated” into place in sandy soil, literally in seconds. I wonder if the building’s normal oscillation will replicate the decreaed frictional resistance that occurs with vibration, resulting in dramatic settling. And rebar always fails. Always. I give it 30 years max, which is the longest I’ve seen well prepared rebar survive in Chicago.
They made some things seem like unique solutions that weren’t. It wasn’t a case of “oh! we can’t get any bearing strength so let’s use friction”. Most pile designs use end bearing and skin friction. Also they didn’t think “oh! let’s use a new idea – drilling fluid (bentonite)”. Bentonite piles are not unusual. I personally haven’t come across cathodic protection of pile rebar but it’s not unusual on for example maritime structures and other steel structures in water. The fact that the rebar goes all the way to the bottom of the piles is because the outer ones must be required to take a tremendous amount of net tension because of the astronomical overturning moments on the building. Come to think of it, that also makes huge friction resistance of the piles essential.
Very cool and informative. However, none of these seem specific to this building. Anytime you’re building a skyscraper on soft soil near ocean/sea you’d have the same challenges. I’m pretty sure the pile design is pretty common. Hadn’t heard the electrolysis method though. I wonder if that’s also a common technique
They should have used Roman concrete made by heating the water to make lime capsules in the polymer. When cracks hit if, it leaches out to become limestone to seal the cracks. Seawater just makes it stronger and more waterproof. Notice the aqueducts are still standing. Without any steel reinforcement rods.
False information about building at nighttime. I lived in Dubai for 24yrs and witnessed the labour abuse of its workers. Workers worked 24/7 in 50c heat and only got a 3hr break to basically sleep on the spot where they worked. The Arab locals would withhold labourers passports as many would abscond to the treacherous conditions, while many committed suicide that was never officially released. There are numerous ‘hidden camera’ documentaries scattered around on Y/Tube showing the awful living conditions in their camps, with one such documentary of a high ranking Arab telling the reporter, that they can get hundreds more workers at any time. An impressive building yes, but it cost many human lives.
When it fails this article will contain clues. It seems to me that the owner/developers are using insane amounts of money to cause engineers to push the envelope around technology to places where in their hearts they do not want to go. Another concern of mine is the friction piles in loose sand. The sand is fine as long as it does not jiggle. The graphics clearly show the water table as being above the bottom of the piles. When sand that is saturated with water jiggles if liquifies. And if the piles are sitting in soup, the tower will fall. So, what makes it jiggle and liquify? An earthquake; like the large one in June of 2022. For me the potential for foundation failure due to soil liquefaction is too great to justify the design.
I’m not sure why these Engineers don’t add an everday item for many, such as a “bowl” and turn it upside down on top supports? I don’t, for real. It seems obvious that it would greatly increase the stability of the foundation. I just don’t get it. Maybe they are the smart guy, but i think some simple as a bowl could complete this foundation with more consistant results. YEP, something it missing that should be near thd top of the foundations Main Supports.
Why not avoid the electricity and the very deep drilling and design a foundation with multiple above ground counterweights. Each counterweight could have more than one section so you could use hydraulics to lift one section at a time if needed. Let’s say they were sinking, or covered, you could lift single portions at a time and return sediment under them.
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وعيسي يسوع عبدالله ورسوله عليه السلام وموسي عليه السلام عبدالله ورسوله قال الله تعالى قل هو الله أحد الله الصمد لم يلد ولم يولد ولم يكن له كفوا أحد صدق الله العظيم الله ليس له زوجه ولاولد حشاوكلا رباعظيماان يكون له ولد ولا زوجه استغفر الله العظيم واتوب اليه الله اكبر
“How can we make a stronger foundation?” “I know! Let’s not give the building plumbing. We can have miles worth of tanker trucks pull up to the building every morning and pump the shxt straight out of the building.” “Ok. Let’s do that.” Seriously…. the crackhouse down the road from me has working plumbing. I would call that a building. The Burj is nothing but a tall box.
Lesics – Fine now we’ve opened Pandora’s box where else has this happened? The World Trade Center had what was known as The Bath Tub that they build around and under the entire complex because of the Salt Water. Electricity and salt water cannot be ignored so they constructed The Bath Tub and it was in this Bath Tub that after 9/11 they found 2 pools of red hot liquid metal one under each tower. If you remember they trucked in Hundreds of truck loads of sand and had massive diggers mixing the sand with the liquid metal for days, before it could be lifted out and loaded onto trucks and if you recall they didn’t want anyone seeing what they were doing or where the metal from the pools went after. My question to Lesics is – What caused all the metals on those 2 tower blocks, the iron rebar out of the concrete, the copper wiring, the aluminium facings, to all turn up in liquid pools in the foundations of tower 1 and 2 ? and how did it mix into a metal alloy that can’t combine, and why did the stuff around the pools look like it was made of millions of needles all welded together? Very Very glass brittle needle like blocks 4 and 5 foot in size and they refused to say what it was or how it happened but you couldn’t touch it without bleeding. How did this happen? and Have you observed the entire power supply and electrical systems of the 7 buildings of the WTC plus the other 3 buildings sourcing their power from the Substation in Building 7 and all 10 buildings suffered the same issue and had to come down?
Money king “I want you to build an impossible building in the dessert because I can pay for it” Engineers: “we can do it but we won’t have plumbing because of the Electrical mechanism in the foundation holding the building together” Money King “only the king and his princes need plumbing, the peasants can carry out their shit in trucks”
So, since when has Computer Modelling established that a building of those proportions with those design characteristics “can withstand a 240kph Desert sand-storm”, what has proved that, a “stress test”…!? It only shows that there’s a failure when an applied pressure reaches a particular “stress” limit, a “240kph Desert sand-storm doesn’t simulate a “stress test”, there is no gradual application of pressure, the power of the sand-storm’s velocity isn’t at a set amount, there are sudden decreases followed by intense blasts, the power of which, would be well over what the “stress test” shows the building “can withstand”.
half of the tower still empty.no buyers. %20 every year going to maintenance and %20 for developer(emmar,samsung c&t construction they built petronas).this the cost of every year.heat/humidity/sun and sand storm r reducing age of building.AC working 24hrs on top floors if stops everything going to melt.Do u want to live with ur child there?
It was science that could help you make this tallest building. So, learn science. You will never regret it. Sometimes the truth is painful but it is the truth. If you prefer to live in blindness not knowing anything, just praying, and having a feeling of peace of mind then do it. Just don’t drag your children to it.
2:34 This is a really clever solution as dumb as I think the Burj Khalifa is as a concept. 3:59 Need to read up on hydro static pressure, this is the power of understanding right here. I realise even basic stuff like 5:22 goes over my head (like I got the answer right, something something base width/levers but I cant sufficiently explain why) let alone the electrolisis stuff.
I can’t believe they went ahead with this design knowing you needed a constant flow of electricity to keep it stable. That’s suicide. That tower is doomed. Even if you had back up power it wouldn’t last for long then what? That tower is going to end up being torn down because it’s improbable. I would have never agreed to that design.
I always wondered how safe the tower was but the foundation seems to be quite a critical weakness in the building, if anything goes wrong with the electricity supply the foundation will crack/crumble and the entire tower will collapse It will be horrific if that ever happens. Amazing engineering regardless and fingers crossed the tower withstands the test of time successfully!
Ok, very high maintenance building the smallest neglect or disrepair and this is the most dangerous building on the planet also . i.e the Challenger and the Columbia almost every major airline disaster …. Arrogance, cost cutting,inferior maintenance workers etc…. Man is always sooo impressed with himself and what he perceives to be mastery of Nature…. yeah ok the Hindenburg of the Desert
I am an engineer by profession and I really don’t feel anything special on your explanation regarding the construction.You have explained the simple basic things of a multi-storied building even 2 storey building.. Most of the foundation will be piling only and bentonite solution will use everywhere even in kerala to avoid soil collapse
With all these advances in construction and engineering we still can’t figure out the pyramids created by ancient man… my guess is they used a manipulation of sound frequencies to tune the stones not to be so heavy so they could move them. A further guess is the answer is found with king tutts portrait, Copper rod right hand, Zinc left hand
HOW CAN ENGINEERS GET (LARGE AMOUNTS OF) CONCRETE TO FORM A STRUCTURALLY SOLID MASS WHEN THEY POUR IT WITH ICE CUBES IN IT? AND EVEN IF THEY WOULD ONLY USE GROUND UP ICE SO AS TO GET IT AS COLD AS POSSIBLE BEFORE POURING IT, FOR HOW LONG WOULD THE INITIAL TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONCRETE AND SURROUNDINGS GO ON MAKING ANY WORTHWHILE DIFFERENCE? I AM AWARE THAT DURING CONSTRUCTION OF (FOR INSTANCE) SUCH MASSIVE PROJECTS AS THE HOOVER DAM, PIPELINES THROUGH WHICH COOLANT WAS RUN WERE BURIED INSIDE OF THE FRESHLY POURED LAYERS OF CONCRETE. THAT METHOD HOWEVER OF COURSE WOULD COME WITH ONE SIGNIFICANT DRAWBACK: THE TUBING USED TO COOL THE CONCRETE COULD NOT BE TAKEN OUT ANY MORE AFTER HARDENING AND THEREFORE WOULD STAY INSIDE THE STRUCTURE FOREVER. COOLING CONCRETE THAT GETS POURED IN LARGE AMOUNTS (VOLUMES) ‘IN ONE FELL SWOOP’ IS NECESSARY TO REDUCE THE LEVEL TO WHICH ITS CORE TEMPERATURE WILL RISE DURING ITS HARDENING AS THE HEAT PRODUCED AS A SIDE-EFFECT / ‘BYPRODUCT’ OF THE CHEMICAL PROCESS THAT HARDENS CONCRETE, OTHERWISE MAY CAUSE CRACKS IN IT, WHICH OF COURSE WOULD BE HIGHLY UNDESIRABLE AN EFFECT TO OCCUR WITH ANYTHING THAT WOULD NEED THOROUGH STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY