Seawater is a mixture of water and dissolved substances, including various elements and compounds. It is formed by the addition of fresh water from rivers and lakes, which decreases its salinity. The major constituents of seawater are 11 elements, which make up 99.9% of all elements dissolved in seawater. The elements in seawater can be classified into four groups: conservative elements, dissolved gases, recycled elements, and scavenged elements.
The composition of river water significantly differs from seawater, as it contains small amounts of dissolved ions. The composition of ocean water is unique to its location and depth, and the ocean is separated into different layers called the water column. Water in Earth’s interior is released back into the oceans and atmosphere by volcanoes, contributing to a global deep-Earth water cycle.
There are multiple pathways through which dissolved ions enter the ocean, including runoff from streams and rivers, volcanic activity, and hydrothermal vents. The ocean is salty because rivers flow into it carrying dissolved minerals from their path from land, and then evaporate. Most positively charged ions come from the weath-ering and erosion of Earth’s crust and are added to the sea by rivers.
The correct answer is Earth’s interior, where volcanic eruptions and other gases emitted into the atmosphere contribute to the addition of elements through the earth’s interior. Seawater can be thought of as the solution resulting from an acid leach of basaltic rocks.
📹 Scientists Just Discovered A Vast Hidden Ocean Inside Earth
Scientists have found concrete evidence that there’s a vast ocean beneath the Earth’s surface. The idea of an underwater world …
How do chemicals get into the ocean?
Pollution in the ocean primarily originates from human activities along coastlines and inland areas. Nonpoint source pollution, which occurs from runoff, is the largest source of pollution. Point source pollution, on the other hand, comes from a single source like oil or chemical spills. Discharge from faulty or damaged factories or water treatment systems is also considered point source pollution.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are chemicals created by humans that are resistant to biodegradation and have been found in ground, surface, and drinking water. Makayla Neldner, a 2022 Hollings scholar, studied the impact of two PFAS compounds on the life cycle of larval grass shrimp.
Nutrients and algal blooms can be harmful if they are too abundant in a body of water. For example, nitrogen and phosphorus are essential for plant growth, but if they are too abundant, they can stimulate an algal bloom, causing toxic effects that can affect marine life and humans. Excess nutrients entering a body of water can also result in hypoxia or dead zones. When large amounts of algae sink and decompose, oxygen is consumed, depleting the supply to healthy marine life.
Where do ions in seawater come from?
Salts in seawater are primarily sourced from rocks on land, which are eroded by acidic rainwater, releasing ions that are carried to streams and rivers that eventually feed into the ocean. Some dissolved ions are used by organisms in the ocean and are removed, while others are not removed, increasing their concentration over time. Hydrothermal fluids, which come from vents in the seafloor, are another source of salts.
Ocean water seeps into cracks and is heated by magma from the Earth’s core, causing chemical reactions that result in the loss of oxygen, magnesium, and sulfates, and the pick-up of metals like iron, zinc, and copper from surrounding rocks.
Some ocean salts also come from underwater volcanic eruptions, directly releasing minerals into the ocean. Salt domes, vast deposits of salt formed over geological timescales, are common across the continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico.
How do elements such as chlorine, bromine, sulfur, and boron get into the ocean?
Seawater contains elements such as chlorine, bromine, boron, and sulfur in excess of those derived from erosion, likely due to volcanism and magmatic activity. The composition of seawater is uniform and the relative proportions of various ions are relatively constant. Salinity in the open ocean averages about 35 parts per thousand, but may rise to 40 parts per thousand in regions like the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Sodium chloride is the dominant compound of salts in solution, comprising about three-quarters of the whole.
The interpretation of data on minor and trace elements in seawater is subject to uncertainties, as the concentrations of these elements are more variable than major elements and may depend on the sampling location. Phosphorus is depleted in surface and near-surface waters by biological activity, but enriches deeper parts of the ocean through the dissolution of dead organisms. Silica is brought into the ocean in large amounts in solution in river water, but most is soon removed to become the skeletal material of diatoms, radiolaria, and sponges.
Seawater also contains dissolved gases in variable amounts, with normal salinity at 0°C (32°F) containing about eight millilitres per litre of dissolved oxygen and 14 millilitres per litre of dissolved nitrogen. Dissolved oxygen plays a fundamental role in organism growth and decay, and in stagnant regions rich in decaying organic matter, the water may be completely depleted in free oxygen and a considerable concentration of hydrogen sulfide.
How do minerals enter the ocean?
Rainwater, containing dissolved carbon dioxide, is slightly acidic due to its physical erosion and chemical breakdown. This causes the water to carry salts and minerals as ions, which are carried to streams, rivers, and the ocean. Some dissolved ions are used by organisms in the ocean and are removed, while others are left for long periods, increasing their concentration over time.
Chloride and sodium are the most common dissolved ions in seawater, making up over 90% of all ions. The concentration of salt in seawater is about 35 parts per thousand, meaning about 35 of 1, 000 (3. 5) of the weight of seawater comes from dissolved salts. A cubic mile of seawater can contain up to 25 pounds of gold at a concentration of 0. 000005 parts per million.
Rivers and surface runoff are not the only sources of dissolved salts. Hydrothermal vents, located on the crest of oceanic ridges, contribute dissolved minerals to the oceans. These vents are the exit points on the ocean floor from which seawater that seeps into the oceanic crust becomes hotter, dissolves minerals, and flows back into the ocean. Estimates suggest that the entire volume of the world’s oceans could circulate through hydrothermal vent systems every 10-20 million years, significantly affecting salinity.
Reactions between seawater and oceanic basalt, the rock of ocean crust, are not one-way; some dissolved salts react with the rock and are removed from seawater.
Where do chemicals in the ocean come from?
Marine pollution is a global issue originating from various sources, including toxic chemicals, sewage, fertilizers, plastics, discarded fishing nets, and noise from shipping and drilling. Over 80 percent of it originates from land-based activities, such as accidental spills, deliberate dumping, untreated effluent, atmospheric fall-out, and run-off from drains and rivers. The 2019 UN IPBES assessment highlights that over 80 percent of global wastewater is discharged without adequate treatment, while 300-400 million tonnes of heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge, and other industrial waste are dumped into the world’s waters annually. The UN’s Sustainable Development Goal target 14. 1 aims to prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution by 2025.
How does stuff get into the ocean?
Ocean pollution is a significant issue, with trash entering the ocean through various methods such as dumps, pumping, spills, leaked, and laundry. The world’s waterways are exposed to various pollutants such as plastic debris, chemical runoff, and crude oil. Oil spills account for only 12% of the oil in our oceans, while two to three times as much is carried out via runoff from roads, rivers, and drainpipes.
Additionally, plastic is more than fish, with up to 12 million metric tons of plastic dumped into the oceans each year, equivalent to 26 billion pounds or the equivalent of over 100, 000 blue whales. By 2050, ocean plastic will outweigh all of the ocean’s fish.
How does co2 get into seawater?
The ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through wind-generated waves and turbulence. Fish and other animals in the ocean breathe oxygen and release carbon dioxide, similar to land animals. Ocean plants also absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. The ocean is responsible for absorbing about one-quarter of the CO2 generated by humans from burning fossil fuels. However, the ocean is becoming more acidic, as liquids are either acid or alkaline. This is causing the ocean and its inhabitants to face even greater challenges due to excessive CO2.
How does carbon enter the ocean?
For centuries, the oceans have been absorbing and releasing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This process occurs through photosynthesis by plant-like organisms and simple chemistry, where carbon dioxide dissolves in water and reacts with seawater to create carbonic acid. This acid releases hydrogen ions, which combine with carbonate in seawater to form bicarbonate, a form of carbon that cannot escape the ocean easily. As fossil fuels are burned and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rise, the ocean absorbs more carbon dioxide to maintain balance.
However, this absorption lowers the water’s pH, making it more acidic. As temperatures rise, carbon dioxide leaks out of the ocean, and carbonate is used up, necessitating upwelling of deeper waters rich in carbonate dissolved from limestone and other rocks.
How does chlorine enter the ocean?
Over 120 million years, the ocean has accumulated inert chloride ions, primarily from rivers and volcanoes, with only a small amount coming from vents. Chloride is primarily removed from the ocean through evaporite deposits, such as those in the Persian Gulf or deserts, where mixing with the open ocean is limited. This physical process results in a long residence time and high concentration of chloride.
Similarly, sodium ions, with eight electrons in their valence shell, also contribute to the ocean’s concentration. They leave the ocean reluctantly through evaporation, not through a chemical process. Other elements, like iron, also come from vents and do not have long residence times or high concentrations.
How is CO2 transported to the ocean?
The ocean absorbs around 25% of human-produced carbon dioxide emissions, making it the second largest carbon sink on Earth. This is achieved through three natural carbon pumps, which are responsible for the process. The surface water contains carbon in three different dissolved forms: carbon dioxide (CO2), which can be released into the atmosphere, hydrogen carbonate, which accounts for 90% of the carbon stored in the ocean, and carbonate, which is formed through carbonic acid chain reactions and land weathering.
The amount of carbon dioxide dissolved depends on the difference in carbon dioxide partial pressure between seawater and atmosphere. However, this service comes with a high price in the form of ocean acidification. The surface water also contains carbon in three different forms: CO2, hydrogen carbonate, and carbonate, which can be released into the atmosphere.
How does metal get into the ocean?
Heavy metals can enter the marine environment through industrial wastewater discharge, storm water runoff, agricultural activities, dredging, atmospheric deposition, and sewage discharge. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has provided toxicological profiles for arsenic, tin, and compounds, as well as tin and compounds. These sources highlight the potential risks associated with heavy metals in marine environments.
📹 Scientists Have Just Found A Massive Ocean Hidden Inside The Earth
Scientists Have Just Found A Massive Ocean Hidden Inside The Earth In a groundbreaking discovery, a team of geologists from …
Northwestern geophysicist Steve Jacobsen and University of New Mexico seismologist Brandon Schmandt have found deep pockets of magma located about 400 miles beneath North America, a likely signature of the presence of water at these depths. The discovery suggests water from the Earth’s surface can be driven to such great depths by plate tectonics, eventually causing partial melting of the rocks found deep in the mantle. The findings, to be published June 13 in the journal Science, will aid scientists in understanding how the Earth formed, what its current composition and inner workings are and how much water is trapped in mantle rock. “Geological processes on the Earth’s surface, such as earthquakes or erupting volcanoes, are an expression of what is going on inside the Earth, out of our sight,” said Jacobsen, a co-author of the paper. “I think we are finally seeing evidence for a whole-Earth water cycle, which may help explain the vast amount of liquid water on the surface of our habitable planet. Scientists have been looking for this missing deep water for decades.” – Brookheaven national library.
Genesis 1 verses 6-7 (New King James version) “6 Then God said, “Let there be a (c)firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.” 7 Thus God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament; and it was so” Maybe the Bible is more accurate than what those Scholars in Universities give it it credit for being!!!
I never bought into the late bombardment giving us our oceans via asteroids. Considering the percentage of water that was in the asteroids there would have been a moons worth of rock along with that amount of water and I don’t think all that rock was ever explained away. Anyway this was a very surface level (no pun) explanation of what’s actually happening so I hope there a some more in depth (again) vids on the subject.
﴿وَقيلَ يا أَرضُ ابلَعي ماءَكِ وَيا سَماءُ أَقلِعي وَغيضَ الماءُ وَقُضِيَ الأَمرُ وَاستَوَت عَلَى الجودِيِّ وَقيلَ بُعدًا لِلقَومِ الظّالِمينَ﴾ (هود: ٤٤) And it was said, “O earth, swallow your water, and O sky, withhold (your rain).” And the water subsided, and the matter was accomplished, and it (i.e., the ship) came to rest on the (mountain of) Jūdiyy. And it was said, “Away with the wrongdoing people.” – English Translation THE QURAN
So did they discover a rock that had water in it, or did they discover an ocean? I know they found this diamond, BUT but there is not any articles showing that they discovered an ocean inside the earth. I dont care about a theory, the claim is made that an ocean was discovered inside the earth. Thanks for the help in advance! 😊
To say that there is an “ocean” of water is misleading because to call it an “ocean” makes it sound like an open body of water just like surface oceans. While there is water there, it is trapped in sponge like minerals so it is not an “open” body of water – one could not swim through it! So, the use of the term “reservoir” (like the narrator said) would be less misleading and more accurate
I wounder if they have forgotten the ocean of lava beneath the Tectonic plates???If the crust was taking in water how come there is no huge geysers of steam none stop???That what you get when your pour water on lava you get steam so given thoes facts how can they supposedly find water that is not being turnd into steam because of the ocean of lava that the tectonic plates rest on??????????????????????????????????
Say (O Muhammad): “Have you considered if your water was to become sunken (into the earth), then who could bring you flowing water?” (Qur’an 67:30) Say (O Muhammad): “He is the Most Gracious (Allah), in Him we believe, and in Him we put our trust. So you will come to know who it is that is in manifest error.” (Qur’an 67:29) Allah has created every (living) creature from water. And of them are those that move on their bellies, and of them are those that walk on two legs, and of them are those that walk on four. Allāh creates what He wills. Indeed, Allah is over all things competent. (Qur’an 24:45)