Tide formation in the molten interior of Earth is due to the difference in gravitational force across the core. Internal tides are generated as surface tides move stratified water up and down sloping topography, producing waves in the ocean interior. Ocean tides are the result of gravitational tidal forces, which are present in any astronomical body and responsible for the internal heat that creates the tides. The debate about the influence of tides on the molten interior of Earth will be at the center of the concomitant debate on the origin of tides.
Tidal dissipation in a partially molten layer within Earth’s mantle has been widely studied to explain its abnormally high heat flux. Bulk dissipation has never been included in this study. When the Sun is at a right angle to the Moon, moderate tides, called neap tides, result. These tides coincide with certain lunar phases on Earth.
Io’s spectacular activity is driven by tidal dissipation within its interior, which may undergo a large amount of melting. The internal pressure distribution is directly linked with the Earth’s own internal gravity field and density distribution, causing the local pressure gradient.
The regular rise and fall of the ocean’s waters are known as tides, which are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon. Io’s libration can provide insight into the existence of a global magma ocean and the thickness and rigidity of the crust above it. Tides sample the large-scale interior properties of the body and can be used to probe its deep interior.
📹 How Do Tides Occur? Low tide, High Tide, Spring Tide, Neap Tide
How Do Tides Occur? Low tide, High Tide, Spring Tide, Neap Tide https://youtu.be/ci25lCMi0Dk Tides are very long waves that …
Does magma have water in it?
Water plays a significant role in the formation of volcanoes by dissolved gases in magma, similar to carbon dioxide gas in a liquid. The pressure in the unopened liquid holds the gas in, and when opened, it escapes. Temperature and shaking can increase the release of gas, which can tear apart a volcano and blow pieces into the stratosphere, affecting the global climate system with particulate matter and greenhouse gases.
The amount of gas and potential for explosions varies for different types of magma, with the Tonga type having more water and gas, while Iceland or Hawaii types have less, resulting in oozing lava instead of volcanic blasts.
Hazards such as dense ash fall, poison gases, landslides, and tsunamis can travel across the Pacific Ocean, and it is unclear whether the tsunami was caused by a submarine mass slide or the shock wave of the volcanic explosion.
What is internal tidal wave?
The Hawaiian Ridge, a massive underwater structure in the North Pacific Ocean, forms the islands of America’s 50th state. As ocean tidal currents impact the ridge, deep dense water is forced upward, creating internal waves called internal tides. These waves oscillate at the tidal period and propagate away from the ridge, with a characteristic wavelength of 50 to 100 km. The wavelength depends on the ocean’s stratification, which depends on water temperature and salinity.
The internal tides can propagate great distances away from the ridge, sometimes thousands of kilometers. Within the water column, the vertical displacement of water in these waves is large, but at the ocean surface, the displacement is tiny. Satellite altimeters can measure these small surface waves over many years, allowing for the prediction of internal tides.
Do tides occur in Earth’s interior?
Tidal processes, similar to those in oceans and large lakes, also have gravitational effects on the atmosphere and Earth’s interior. Atmospheric tides are detectable but are a minor component in atmospheric motions. Earth tides respond to elastic deformation rather than flow, contributing to Earth’s internal structure. Tidal processes can also occur on other members of the solar system, such as Jupiter’s satellite Io, which may experience volcanic activity due to internal heating due to frictional resistance to tidal deformation.
What are the four 4 types of tides?
Tides, which occur as a result of the moon’s rotation around Earth, can be classified into three main groups: high and low tides, semidiurnal and diurnal tides, and spring and neap tides, as a consequence of Earth’s revolution around the sun.
What place has the most tides?
The Bay of Fundy in Canada is home to the world’s highest tides, which separate New Brunswick from Nova Scotia. The highest tides in the United States can be found near Anchorage, Alaska, with tidal ranges averaging around 30 feet. The highest tides in the world can be found at Burntcoat Head in Nova Scotia, while the highest tides in the United States can be found near Anchorage, Alaska. Tidal highs and lows depend on various factors.
Where are tides found?
Tides are long-period waves that move through the ocean in response to the gravitational forces of the moon and sun. Tides have their source in the ocean, manifesting as the sea surface undergoes a process of rise and fall. The point at which the highest part of the wave reaches a specific location is defined as high tide. Conversely, low tide is the point at which the lowest part of the wave reaches the shore. The difference in height between high and low tide is referred to as the tidal range.
Does magma have tides?
A magma tide is defined as a phenomenon that occurs when there is a slight correlation between volcanic activity and the tide.
Does molten lava have water in it?
Magma is a hot liquid and semi-liquid rock found beneath Earth’s surface, consisting of the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. It can push through cracks in the crust, causing volcanic eruptions. Magma is a mixture of minerals and small amounts of dissolved gases, and its high temperatures and pressure keep it in its fluid state. There are three basic types of magma: basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic, each with a different mineral composition.
All types have a significant percentage of silicon dioxide. Basaltic magma is high in iron, magnesium, and calcium but low in potassium and sodium, and ranges in temperature from 1000°C to 1200°C. Andesitic magma has moderate amounts of these minerals, and rhyolitic magma is high in potassium and sodium but low in iron, magnesium, and calcium. The viscosity of magma erupting from a volcano affects its shape, with steep slopes forming from very viscous magma, and flatter volcanoes from easily flowing magma.
What are the internal tides in the ocean?
Internal tides are internal waves with a tidal frequency, with the most common type being internal solitary waves (solitons) generated near the shelf edge and deep ocean areas over seafloor irregularities like mid-ocean ridges, seamounts, and guyots. These waves are generated near the shelf edge and in the deep ocean over areas of seafloor irregularities. Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B. V., its licensors, and contributors.
Are there tides in the solid Earth and the atmosphere?
Atmospheric tides are persistent global oscillations observed in various atmospheric fields, including wind, temperature, pressure, density, and geopotential height. They are a common feature of the Earth’s atmosphere and are governed by copyright © 2024 Elsevier B. V., its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. Creative Commons licensing terms apply for open access content.
Where do tides usually occur?
Low tides and ebb tides are natural processes that occur twice a day, with one high tide facing the moon and the other facing away. The ebb tide occurs between high tides, when areas of lower water levels are present, and when an area covered by the Earth moves away from the sun.
📹 How the tides REALLY work
Learn more at Waterlust.com Join marine physicist Dr. Patrick Rynne as he explores the science behind the tides, what creates …
5:16 decompose the vectors from the upper and lower planet. You get arrows pointing perpendicular to the poles of the planet. This pushes water out to the sides. Why wasnt this included here? Also, the COG from the moon/earth system is on the moons side of the earth, making the ‘’polar force push’’ greater on one side.
Fun fact: while mass is measured in kg in scientific units, weight is a force and is measured in newtons, named after that guy who watch an apple fall. There are just under ten newtons in the force exerted on a one kg mass (the exact number is equal too the acceleration of gravity). That means that an apple typically weighs around one newton. Nice!
The claim is nonsense. The sublunar bulge is from gravitation pull of the moon but the antilunar bulge is from centrifugal force. This is because Earth & Moon rotate around a common centre of gravity inside the Earth but on the lunar side. Likewise with the Sun. Gravity pulls the sub-Solar bulge but centrifugal force creates the anti-Solar bulge since that part of the Earth is further from the Sun.
A lot of this I thankfully was aware of beforehand, but it was presented in an excellent and easy to digest way. Something I didn’t know that I find quite interesting is that if I want to go hunting for interesting sealife at the tidepools, I should look for the days with higher tides, because that means the low tide will be lower than usual as well. It’s obviously a bit more complex than that, but I think you get what I mean.
Something isn’t adding up here!!! In reality the tide is not highest when the moon is directly overhead. On a full or new moon, high tide seems to occur at 3 or 4am and 3 or 4pm… lagging by 4 hours after the moon has been overhead. Check it out yourself with a local tide table. This doesn’t fit with your drawing or explaination. 🤔
I grew up in Anchorage Alaska and they have the 4th biggest tidal change in the world and are number 1 for cities in the United States. Anchorage sits on a peninsula in Cook Inlet with Turnagain Arm to the south and Knik Arm to the north. The tidal change between high and low tide averages just around 30 feet and going up to over 33 feet for Anchorage and Turnagain Arm. Surfers and paddle boarders regularly ride the bore tides that occur when the tide is coming back in. They can ride the bore tide for miles if they’re lucky. But when the tide is low Turnagain Arm becomes a mudflat with just the river websites flowing through it. The mud is sticky and nasty and snags unsuspecting people in when they unknowingly walk on the mud. The extreme tides makes Turnagain Arm unusable for boats really because of its shallow depths.
Very entertaining! However, why do you only consider the ‘tidal force’ in linear ‘free-fall’ motion? We get the exact same results when we experience a ‘tidal force’ in orbital ‘free-fall’ motion around a common centre of mass. And its certainly safer, more realistic and adheres to the accepted laws of Motion, which were laid out by that Newton guy you mentioned, and we wouldn’t have to contend with any messy unavoidable collisions? Which wouldn’t be very environmentally sound for any of us! Anyway, I enjoyed the presentation and congratulations. Take care.
may I request more mellow, less busy music in your backgrounds? the rhythms were very strong and driving, conflicting with the cadence or your narration…like an intrusive costar who’s trying to upstage you, the lead character. thanks for all the good information on this topic ❤ all the best to you, sir
Thank you for the article! I almost got it. There is still something that’s nagging me: where is the water on the high tides side of the earth coming from? Normal answer would be: from the sides with low tides. But I never heard mentioned that there would be such big ocean currents to Cary the tide water from 1 place to another.
I thought that the primary tides were caused by the earth rotating around the centre of mass of the Earth – Moon system, the center of mass being about 1/3 of the earths radius in from the surface – on the same side that the moon is at any time. Then we have water being flung from the earth and attrated to the moon on one side, and water being “flung out” on the side opposite to the moon creating out diurnal tides. Then the sun has a similar but smaller effect, these two interactions then “beating” to give the neep and spring tidal variations in tidal heights. Oh and apparently Jupiter has around a 1% effect on our tides. youtube.com/watch?v=Mr89IgzsMVk&t=102s
What would happen if we dropped the moon on earth from 10m? It seems to me that small masses are unable to cause the earth to move significantly. It would seem when dropping a mass that is approximately 0% of the total mass, that only a single object needs to be thought as moving. And we are always dropping multiple objects that are approximately 0% of the total mass and they appear to land at the same time. But again what happens if we dropped something that had 30% of earths mass? Or what would happen if we instead dropped a ball and feather onto a ball of equal mass as the 1st ball? It would also seem to depend on how you dropped the objects as if all three are in free fall they would fall to a center of mass common to the 3 masses. I would think the 2 bodies with the highest energy would collide first. It just seems that we can say the mass of what is falling is not important when a single mass dominates all other objects. It would seem we would need to drop small objects from a much further distance to notice a slight amount of difference in “drop” times.
Excellent presentation! As a coastal engineer I’m familiar with tidal constituents and where they come from, but this is an unusually lucid explanation of this complex phenomenon which, as you said, many textbooks still get wrong. Next article, maybe you can tackle why referring to tsunamis as “tidal waves” is just wrong!
I had a tide in my house once, half the building flooded higher than usual, but the other half still dry. I see then the supper moon in the east at sunrise, and the water going to it. Why it happened in such a small body of water? Maybe in low angle to the pull underground, and maybe the endless spring was sucking in water, amplified by the vacuum of it being a hole, so basically a big cement boat, to heavy to float. Water also has a lot of iron in it. Water was over flood walls on east side, but west side always floods well before that, and never happened again
This does not align with my observations. A number of years ago I was fishing in Martinez Ca., about 25 miles up the California delta from the Pacific shore. Coincidentally there was a lunar eclipse right at midnight, putting the moon directly over my head and the sun directly under my feet. Instead of an unusually high tide as pictured in your animations, I observed just the opposite- the lowest tide I have ever seen in my life. It must have been -8 feet! So even this lesson, while well made must be in error. Martinez tides lag San Francisco by only an hour and a half.
This explenation goes a long way by explaining the Tides, but you skip over a mayor part: the influences of landmasses on the tidal wave, the max propagation speed of waves in oceans (the wave can not keep up with the earths rotation speed around the equator and low latitudes). Tidal waves start in the sudern ocean where no landmass can block its propagation and the correolis effect keeps the wave roughly at the same latitude. Part of the waves then bounces of the tip of south america and propagates up the Atlantic ocean. The propagation is then curved by correolis and bouncing effects to generate patterns that seem random, but in reality are not. E.g. in the english website the french side sees tides of upto 13 meters, but the english side does not. In the North sea there are areas with 4-5 meter tides and others with virtually no tides (south of Norway). These differences are not due to resonance like in the bay of Fundy. So there is a whole part missing from this article.
Good job, well explained. Now, owing to your particular field of knowledge; can you please do a article on why, 40 years after the predictions were made, are the Maldives still above water, and apparently show no inclination of being submerged? this has been bugging me for decades, and I’m confident that others would also like to know. Thanks.
4:10 isn’t this untrue, I agree that that Is the equation of the acceleration from a towards b but that doesn’t mean that that Is how fast they accelerate towards one another as b is also accelerating towards a. Usually this is looked over due to the often relatively small size of one mass compared to the other
I think what irks me about this incorrect treatment of tides is that it undoes the good work we try to accomplish in introductory physics courses. We emphasise the correct application of Newton’s laws of motion. First we tell the students to identify the body in question, the body to which we will apply Newton’s law. Newton’s first law tells us that an object will continue to move on a straight line at a constant speed, unless it’s acted on by an external force. And then it will continue to accelerate in the said direction and not stop. This article is NOT how the tides REALLY work?
The title should be “how tides work”. Adding the REALLY implies you aren’t going to give the exact same explanation as every other article. I’ve never seen an explanation that doesn’t mention tidal force, that is not novel. I wish you would have explained why, at the next full moon, your model would predict high tide when the sun is directly overhead, but that’s actually 3 hours off and closer to a low tide. This is for a location on the coast but not in a bay with any obvious resonance.
A rather poor explanation of the tide on the opposite side to the moon. Both Earth and Moon rotate about the barycentre of the Earth-Moon system. This point is not at the centre of the Earth, rather nearer to the side facing the Moon, about 4700 km from the centre of the Earth. The far side of the earth is then rotating around the barycentre, which explains the lower tides on that side.
What a wonderfully clear, interesting explanation of tides. I, too, was taught the over-simplified version of how the sun and moon cause the earth to bulge, but never why the OPPOSITE also bulges…only that it does. If they just would have mentioned Newton’s discovery to us, it would have been easy to figure that out, and, I would have understood why the moons of gas giants have a hard time surviving. Now I understand! Thank you for that knowledge!!!
This is incorrect. Water dropping in a vacuum will assume a spherical shape not an elongated ‘double bulge’. Why? because the two tides are not explained by linear acceleration they are only explained by circular acceleration i.e. centrifugal forces. Swing the Earth in a circle around the Moon and the water bulges away from the Moon, the Moon’s gravity makes the water bulge towards the Moon. S0, the Earth rotates around the Moon and the Moon rotates around the Earth. both around a point called the Bari centre. This is the cause of the two tides.
Unfortunately, this is not how the tides really work. This article does a nice job of describing the forcing functions, but not the result. We really do not get two tidal bulges. Instead we have a number of amphidromic points in the oceans, and the tides form circular waves around these points. These amphidromic points are points where the tidal range is effectively zero.
So are the tides dependent on the fact that the moon orbits the earth? If the moon where to suddenly be in geosynchronous orbit, would we then only experience a consistent high tide on the same side of the planet, as the water that needed to “catch up” would effectively eventually catch up to the rest of the water being pulled by the moon?
Your explanation of what causes the tides is WRONG. The high tide opposite the Moon is caused by centrifugal force due to the Earth rotating around the Earth/Moon barycenter, which is 1707 km below the surface of the Earth directly under the Moon (Earth’s radius is 6378 km), not as you say since the far side of the Earth is farther from the Moon it is accelerating toward the Moon slower. That’s WRONG.
What’s amazing is that something as ancient, familiar and well-studied as the tides, still have more that can be learned about them. I think this article came up in my feed because i have been researching the size of ancient tides going back to when the moon originally formed. I saw a post on Quora complete with math that suggested ancient tides were over a kilometer high. Since its formation, the moon has been slowly spiralling outward from the Earth and slowing its primary’s rotation in the process. Not only did Earth have tsunamis of water sloshing around every few hours but likely also tides of lava oozing from the partially cooled and tortured crust. Would love to see a article about Ancient Tides of the Early Earth. We look at the moon as a beautiful and peaceful symbol of serenity but in the early years of the planet, it was more like a blender. A blender powered by a chainsaw.
Very clear explanation, i love the part where you split the planet in 4, a very nice way to move toward a gravitational field notion. I will sure reuse it! My understanding has always be that although the maximum of the gravitation field is just ‘below’ the moon (on the moon-earth axis, moon side) as you explain and draw, the inertia of a body of water makes it that the actual bulge is ‘late’, by an amount that from memory is close to 90° so that at the end, the bulge of water is about opposite to where it is classically drawn. As it makes the explanation a bit more confusing, i tend to just add this notion after where your nice article brings us.
The tides lap towards the moon. The equatorial bulge is due to the coriolis spin roatation of earth 🌍🌎🌏 throwing its weight outward at the centre line. The techtonic plates work in the same way all floating on our mantle layers to the hot molten core. The weather gets freaky with global warming climate change. The more ice that melts the more moisture in the atmosphere that saturates the air in warm waves & gravitates to the equator bulge. The problems occur when its a rapid shift in equilibrium mass displacement. The poles rise to equalize & the equator becomes deluged under the moisture shift weight waking up the volcanic 🌋 tectonic fault lines & earthquakes tidal waves 🌊. Rapid energy shifts cant be stopped. And super heated atmospheres hold more moisture in hight orbit that can sometimes rapidly cool over night sheilded from the sun 🌫️❄️🌨️⛰️🏔️. Causing floods in thaws that c***a could tell you all about 🫢🤫🤭. Artificial lakes created by massive dams change the local weather, flood storms from evaporation ⛈️ in summer. Deep cold 🥶 in winter next to vast standing water sources 🫣😱. Summer to winter is something to do with earths proximity to the sun 🌞 not being a constant circle ⭕ & our axis spin tilt fluctuates from the moons 🌝 tidal locked gravitational sling shot effect also. Many spacial density changes can trigger events like total planetary alignments & eclipses cumulatively increase gravitational magnetic 🧲 🧭 density weights one side then let it go as they drift on there course.
No, this is NOT how the tides really work. This article perpetuates the fallacy that the tides are directly raised by the Moon’s gravity. They are not. The gravitational force caused by the Moon at Earth’s surface is ten billion times smaller than Earth’s surface gravity. It is impossible to lift anything with such a force differential. To lift something requires a force greater than that body’s weight. Newton realised this and was unable to correctly explain the tides. The true effect is much more subtle and is not what is claimed here in this article. It took the great mind of Euler, and subsequent work by Laplace, to explain the tides, and Laplace’s Tidal Equations are still in use today. These equations correctly treat the vertical (axial) components of the Moon’s gravity at the surface of the Earth as zero because they are swamped by Earth’s surface gravity. It is the off-axis horizontal components of the Moon’s field that create the tidal bulges. These are tractive, squeezing forces, and although they are tiny, they act in Earth’s horizontal plane and are therefore not overwhelmed by its surface gravity because they are at right angles to it. They are also, crucially, cumulative and above all, convergent. This is sufficient over thousands of square miles of ocean, to raise tides of a few metres in height. One way to visualise these tractive forces is to consider the direction of the Moon’s gravitational field at various points on the Earth’s surface. Only at the exact sub-lunar and antipodal points is the field purely perpendicular to Earth’s surface.
Another interesting tide area is the gulf coast of the US. As you point out, the time between high and low tides should be about six hours. But places like Mobile AL, or Pascagoula MS, the time is TWELVE HOURS! This abnormal time is because the Gulf of Mexico is acting a bit like a big ‘scoop’ as the earth rotates eastward. Another case of the shape of the land affecting how the water can move.
Great job for giving a 80% complete explanation for the marines tides, but as I’m picky, I’m missing the “jewel on top of the crow” which would make this article really outstanding: the explanation about amphidromic points and the influence of the Coriolis force on all this moving water! You did the same trick as those articles that present the two bulges and says “too complicated to explain”.
That is true but it’s only a partial explanation, and not the main one. There’s something else going on that’s more important. Imagine that you, as an adult, spin around a small child while holding them by the hands. As you and the child rotate around some imaginary axis, your body has to lean backwards to keep its balance. It is difficult to spin a child around while maintaining your body vertical, i.e., aligned with the rotational axis. When you try doing that, you automatically start leaning back as you rotate. Similarly, the axis of rotation of the Earth-moon system cannot coincide with the axis of rotation of the Earth. It’s a bit different (although it falls within the Earth because it’s so much larger than the moon). Hence the bulging of the ocean on the Earth side opposite the moon side.
After dismissing ‘common’ explanations as over-simplification, you do exactly the same at 10.15, saying ‘we don’t need to understand’. You completely missed the obvious explanation that as the moon orbits the Earth, the Earth also orbits the moon, with the center of mass of the system a long way from the center of the Earth. Hence, the Earth wobbles significantly, and this wobble produces the tide on the side opposite the Moon as a result of the centrifugal force.
Not even wrong, because it’s not first principles reasoning of relative-timing resonance superposition. And not to be rude, but if the smarter professionals don’t want to rethink the themes, theories and assumptions about big bang observation of applied mathematical techniques, it’s not anyone’s job but your own to teach yourself by researching Act-uality, functional-elemental pure relative-timing such as you can see and hear directly from cause-effect here-now-forever. For example of the Newtonian dichotomy,he assembled the Universe from the Fusion-Fission infinitesimal ghost values of particles, vector-values of time-timing, and it’s called The Calculus in capitals because that’s what the sum-of-all-histories here-now-forever amouts to at the instantaneous Singularity-point positioning of the Universe in Logarithmic Time Duration Timing fields of conformity. Point being, take no notice of what any one person says, as the Royal Institute suggests for all Sciencing, reiterate the evidence available.
I liked the way you explained how the high tide travels overland from the east coast of America to the Pacific coast!!! Oh, wait, it doesn’t. In fact in the North Pacific the tide sloshes back and forth, first going eastward to the west coast of USA then back westward to Japan. The ‘bulge’ under the Moon is not how the tides work.
I wonder how many have considered a different point of view, take for instance, in an “enclosed cosmology”, you would have not “magical” force of gravity, but simply a pressure differential. It could be that simple, as is water in large volume conforming to its container and seeking it own level at rest.
I had read a good explanation for tides before, but the article explained it beautifully and in more detail, particularly the tidal constituents and their relative timings. This is why I pay an internet provider. Also, seeing a totally unexpected glimpse (09:54) of my hometown in this article was a nice bonus.
90% of commenters who wrote something like “the best explanation of tides I ever heard” did not understand the explanation but were persuaded or manipulated by the article into the sense of understanding. They think they understand but they do not. They will realize they do not understand once they try to explain tides to a third person.
Ah, finally, the perfect explanation. In summary, the tidal forces of a black hole will “spaghettify” anything drawn into it, or orbiting it. Same thing happens to any two orbiting objects, just to a lesser degree. Not spaghetti, but rather gnocchi, you know, a ball of pasta that has been flattened out and stretched a bit, or ovaled, or as they call the Earth: an oblate spheroid.
Your argument that linear force is the same as centripetal force doesn’t hold up I’m afraid. A body in orbit around another body is simply falling. It is however subject to “stretching” forces arising because of the differing angular velocity resulting from simple orbital mechanics. The angular velocity for the nearest side is higher than that of the farthest side. Hence the body is required to orbit at two different speeds and being a solid body…it can’t. Simplified obviously but hopefully this will help.
at 10:45 you say that the spring tides cause exceptionally high tides but “normal” low tides. This does not fit with my understanding, nor with what I have read elsewhere, which is that it also produces exceptionally low tides as well. You clearly understand this very well, are you sure what you say at 10:45 is correct ? Thanks
Excellent vid! Subbed… Only word of advice – the background music is a bit loud. The speaker needs to be louder relative to the music. So in the 14 mins runtime of this article, I’ve learned something concrete that broke my naïve textbook understanding of the subject of tides. Something that everyone is aware of, and something I now understand… Thanks! 👍
Gteat content! There is more. The moon varies in its orbit from north to south snd back again which gives us the difference between tide extents – meaning the high tide is higher than the next high tide, and the low tide is lower than the next low tide when the moon is not orbiting at our equator, but is rather orbiting north, or south of it. If you’re a surfer, this is very interesting and useful.
when we hear of the ‘gravitational force’…we never hear it mentioned in conjuction with its obvious eternal opposite..namely in earths case.. the centrifugal forces created by a 40,000km circumference ball spinning at 1600km/h at its equator…..it appears obvious that the centrifugal forces are zero at each pole..(where the sphere rotates around its axis)…and would increase exponentially as we move toward the equator….yet gravity is a ‘constant’…and centrifugal forces vary from zero…to incredibly large..almost infinite…..if i applied enough ‘gravity’ to hold someone at the equator under the proposed conditions…..that same amount would prevent any movement by a person at the poles..they would be hopelessly flattened ..with zero chane of any movement….subject as they would be…to the infinite forces required to hold someone at the EQUATOR…please explain how gravity achieves this feat as it would be required to exert a completely different level of force for every point on the sphere…ranging from zero….to approaching infinitely large forces..at the equator………
WTF. Will you please drop the back ground trash sound (music) or is this article only for those who live 24/7 in a nightclub. How on earth can I learn about the tides when I am bombarded with crap. I really wanted to see / know about tides but got lost in the shite. sorry but I need to listen to a mature website and not kindy class . From Ivan in NZ
This is unfortunately also slightly wrong. The main component of the forming of the bulges is not the direct pull caused by the moon, it cannot do that, not enough force, otherwise you would also see pools raise. It is actually the radial components of the forces applied to the water near the poles. The higher the latitude the pull force, the higher the angle of the force (pointing towards the center of the moon), so if you split the components of the force you will see the radial components become higher and higher with latitude. The forces are small, but you have a lot of water, so what happens is that the radial force pushes the water away from the poles and accumulates at the equator.
I love the articles but I’ll echo a few others in saying the music was a little loud and distracting from the information I want to absorb. I rarely comment on things but I would want to know that if I were making educational content. Not that I speak for everyone though. Thanks for all the hard work on the articles!
The twin bulges going around the Earth are thwarted by the Americas land mass and the Africa/Europe/Asia land mass. Clearly the bulges cannot sweep around Earth. In fact the North Atlantic basin is a perfect shape to allow the water to be pulled by the Moon like a big wave which is stopped by the land and then to withdraw. The shape of the basin sets up a swirling motion like swirling coffee in a cup. So the tide is large around the edges but virtually zero in the middle of the ocean. At the edges local shoreline shapes amplify the height of the wave as given in the article for the Bay of Fundy and also in the UK in the River Severn estuary where the second highest tides occur. The Pacific Ocean and the South Atlantic have different shapes which are not conducive to the twice daily huge tides of the North Atlantic.
The problem is. Gravity DOES NOT EXIST. You know why the apple fell from the tree. Not Gravity. It’s simple. It was time. The weight of the apple pulling on the stem connected to the branch. It’s not being pulled down. It’s just heavier then the surrounding air. And No Aircraft are Not fighting gravity. It’s fighting it’s own weight and using airflow to do it. Just because you use math to explain something. Doesn’t make it correct. String theory is garbage, but they want to fit that math in. Next up, for all that pull on the moon and earth. The moon is moving away.
One very important thing that I did not see addressed (maybe I missed it because the music is so loud and distracting). Did you talk about the importance of the 23.5 degree tilt of Earth’s axis and how that affects the tidal ranges especially in high latitudes? Not that I saw. Huge omission. Also addressing tidal currents that should accompany any discussion in how tides work.
excellent presentation, but did you know : a) the story of Newton’s apple seems to be no more than an amusing story b) the fact that all the planets accelerate towards the sun is obtained directly from analysis of Kepler’s laws, and the form of the acceleration has a 1/r^2 dependence. in other words, this functional form for the attractive force is not a guess, but a derivation c) apparently, something similar is available from observations of the moon’s orbit (i have not checked it personally) Of course, the near-earth behaviour of gravity had been well understood much earlier. thus, newton’s “only” contribution in this matter is to suppose (and show) that the same force describes both near-earth motion and planetary motion.
INTERESTING & ENJOYABLE article – you’ve EARNED yet another subscriber (and customer – I like your stuff) ! MINOR COMMENT: At point 7:37 in your article you show the earth actually ROTATED going from SIDE to TOP view… … but somehow we see the SAME FACE of the moon even when the EARTH is ROTATED??? 😉 NO IDEA how to FIX this when you’ve already got over 1 MILLION views – this is the agony of popular YouTube articles 😉 ! MAYBE just add an ANNOTATION at that point – you CAN add those ANYTIME you wish 🙂 Off to buy some Whale Shark stuff… -Mark Vogt in North Aurora IL
Do the math and work out the differences in acceleration at the four points on Earth you highlight. You will find that the difference between each does not explain the extent of the tides on Earth. The tides are actually caused by the squeezing forces on the oceans at the sides of the Earth. The squeezing force is small but the surface areas of the oceans is enormous. If what you say is true how come we don’t measure any tidal displacement on the Great Lakes?
Very interesting article ! I did a quick calculation to see what the attractive force of the moon and the sun is against 1 kg of water. F=G*M1*M2/(D²) G = 6.67E-11 M1 = 1 kg Moon: Mm = 7.35E22 kg Dm = 3.84E08 m F = 3.32E-05 N Sun: Ms = 1.99E30 kg Ds = 1.49E11 m F = 5.98E-03 N So, I find that the sun attracts 180 times more than the moon… Where is my mistake ?
Well okay, but that’s not how I understood it. Dr. Rynne calls the moons gravity an accelerating force, but we could also call it a pull and it pulls the tide towards it. I think this is what he is saying and that makes sense. But what about the high tide on the opposite side of the earth? Well there is another force that he does not mention. The moon does not exactly orbit the earth, in fact both the moon and the earth orbit a point that is the center of gravity between them. This means that there is a centripetal force on the side of the earth opposite the moon causing a high tide on that side. That’s a theory, Dr. Rynne could you address this?
Nice article, but only part of the explanation. The two bulges are shown to be even in size, but if it was only due to tide force, they the bulges would differ. It is the orbit of the Earth around its Earth-moon barycenter and “centrifugal” force that increases the far-side bulge. Is there a reason this was left out?
Excellent description and advice to check on local tides, if I may, it’s worth adding something on UK tides… because ours have a special kind of madness to them. The UK (and Ireland) has the Atlantic to one side, the North Sea to the other, and the English website to the south. This means the ocean tide is delayed as it flows in and out of the North Sea and the Irish sea between the UK and Ireland, Thus there is a resonance around the entirety of the UK such that the time of high tide varies as you go round the isles, not linearly, but it’s roughly true to say that it’s always high tide somewhere around the UK. On top of that at Southampton in the middle of the south coast we have one of our more important ports, taking advantage of the resonance set up with this odd tide along the english website and the tides around the Isle of Wight. This results in a DOUBLE high tide, with two high water marks and a much extended overall high tide, but only one low tide in each 12 hours, there is the usual large dip in water level at low tide, plus a very minor dip between the two high tide points, which is excellent for getting large ships in and out of Southampton docks. Worth checking the youtube article “Animation of North Sea tides”
(answer to an Australian viewer of this explanation): Like most explanations about the subject, this explanation fails to mention the mechanism which actually moves the water. It neatly refers to F=Mxa, early in the article, but then when it comes time to explain how this gravitational F creates an acceleration a on the m of the ocean water, it falls silent. It simply states that two bulges form on opposite sides of the planet, without an explanation of the underlying physics. A quick internet search (global animation of the tides) reveals that these two bulges do not exist. In fact, they can’t exist because the suggested forces cannot create any significant rise of the water level, anywhere away from the southern oceans, where they have a (relatively) free run around the planet. What this explanation fails to mention is that almost all of the coastal tide observations around the globe are a secondary effect; the arrival at the shoreline of a long-period shallow wave which has been subject to all the applicable hydrodynamics on its journey through the oceans, but experiences little, if any, significant forces from the moon, by the time it arrives. And certainly isn’t part of any aforementioned ‘bulge’. Where you live, in Broadsound, Queensland, Ausralia, you are actually relatively close to the ‘source’. You can see it happening in global tides animations. A raised volume of water (actually just a wave, not the water itself, because it would have to move at hundreds of km/h) makes its way from east to west in the southern ocean.
Question:: (thanks for the cool article) I was in Okinawa, Japan and planning to visit a national park with mangroves. I checked the tide time to catch it a certain way. Google accidentally gave me the time for an identically named place in New Zealand. After laughing I checked the Okinawan tide time. Allowing for NZ summer time, both printed tide times were the same. So does the tide progress around the earth along with the clock? Thanks for your attention.
This was really good. I watch lots of these kinds of articles, but some leave out certain things that, while they may be obvious to the expert, are not so to the layman. I think you built from very understandable basics up through the more complex systems, without getting into all the messiness that complex systems necessarily contain. It was enough to cover it in summary. Very well thought out and presented!
The ultimate mathematical unification (AND UNDERSTANDING) of physics/physical experience (AND TIME) combines, BALANCES, AND INCLUDES opposites. Energy density equals inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE multiplied times acceleration, thereby deriving F=ma AND WHAT IS E=mc² ON BALANCE. CLEARLY (ON BALANCE), I have solved WHAT IS the coronal heating “problem”. TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual ON/IN BALANCE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY AND NECESSARILY proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE). Indeed, consider TIME AND time dilation ON BALANCE. BALANCE AND completeness go hand in hand. GREAT !!!! The FOURTH dimension is consistent with TIME AND time dilation ON BALANCE. (Think quantum gravity.) ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity. BALANCE AND completeness go hand in hand. There is no contradiction regarding what is TIME. FUNDAMENTALLY, it is FULLY/CLEARLY consistent with/as what is the FOURTH dimension (and/as SPACE) !!!! You need to understand physics/physical experience. You need to understand the FUNDAMENTAL physics regarding what can be (regarding what is SPACE). Indeed, consider TIME AND time dilation ON BALANCE. SO, consider WHAT IS E=MC2, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity !!!! Accordingly, TIME is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual ON/IN BALANCE; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is CLEARLY (AND NECESSARILY) proven to be gravity (ON/IN BALANCE). (BALANCE AND completeness go hand in hand. It ALL CLEARLY makes perfect sense ON BALANCE. Think !!!!) CLEARLY, gravity AND ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy are linked (AND BALANCED) opposites (ON BALANCE) in AND out of SPACE AND TIME.
Very good – I finally understood the effect of gravity on tides (after 70 years!). But it didn’t really explain why local variations in tides around the world happen. For instance, if I holiday in Greece, there’s hardly any tide at all, but, back home in th UK – less than a thousand miles away – there’s a huge tidal difference. But, even if that could be explained simply by the difference between the size and depth of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, it doesn’t explain why there are huge difference in tidal ranges all round the Atlantic (and other oceans).
The earth’s double torus magnetosphere attracts mass to it’s nucleus equatorial centre while the 1,000 mph rotation of the earth tries to throw everything off. For ever attraction there is an equal and opposite reaction. The Moon is a super conductor & it’s orbit retrogrades the earth’s 24 hour rotation by 1 month, tidal locked so to speak. The earth’s OOrt cloud magnetosphere increases exponentially ever y2,000 years when it’s orbits cross the ecliptic separating the fermie cells of he Sun’s double torus mangetosphere. The Sun also pulls the earth’s oceans out & around the planet in keeping with the earth’s rotation around the Sun & it’s magnetic north which changes in accordance with earth’s position relative the Sun’s magnetic equator. “The new moon (tides) are a pale shadow of things (Noah’s east to west tidal tsunamis) to come.”: Jesus The precession of the sun’s shadow millennial alpha omega equinoxes not you or co2 is causing these the birthing pains of this the millennium of climate change end times. The first of Noah’s tidal tsunamis will be pulled out & around he planet SE to NW by the new moon with the first major conjunction of mercury & venus in 2033 & every 40 years thereafter for the millennium it takes the earth’s orbits to cross the Sun’s electromagnetic gravitational equator. Follow Jesus/God’s New commandment which united us all & his new covenant which warned us all about this the end of days if you love humanity.
I really enjoyed your explanation of tidal variations due to combinations of different planets’ gravity affecting the oceans. Most people think only the moon affects us. I believe all our planets and even other solar systems combine to make the “fingerprint” uniqueness of tidal variations. As for tides on the opposite side of the moons gravity: Gravity is not a pulling force only. It is bidirectional. Gravity also has push. Our telescope technology allows us to study millions of other planets and solar systems. As far as I know there are no known collisions of two bodies in space anywhere. If gravitational attraction were it’s only property then we would see massive numbers of planetary and/or star collisions. That bidirectionality will be our next great step in the study of gravity. Also placing two magnets under a sheet of paper with iron filings will show us how the lines of attraction are elliptical, reaching completely around the far side of each magnet. Plus the position of planets/stellar systems opposite to the moons side of the Earth can play a role.
Interesting explanation, I’ve never found the “balancing centripetal force” explanation very helpful as an intuitive explanation for the bulge on the far side. I have to question your assertion at 10:44, “… creating extra-high high tides, but normal low tides”. I just don’t see how that can be true, since the water to create an extra-high tidal bulge has to come from somewhere. It also doesn’t match my experience living near an open-ocean coast, where the highest tides and lowest tides of each month, and the year, always occur on the same day. (Local tides here are about 12 feet). A bit off-topic, but at least at the local coast, even normal barometric pressure changes, between stormy and fair weather, can increase or decrease the tides a foot or two, which I have found surprising since I first noticed it. I assume this is why the tide tables are presented as “predictions”, whereas a table of future solar eclipses is presented as facts.
Tides don’t form a bulge. Gravity stimulates long wavelength waves, not huge movement of ocean water. Example: Dublin and Cork (in Ireland) are only 200 miles apart by sea. High tide in Dublin and low tide in Cork, are co-incident. On the South coast of England, a tidal-wave comes down the North Sea, and another comes in from the Atlantic, meet and almost cancel. In some places, there is a double tide, 4 peaks and 4 troughs per day.
Einstein’s blunder solution is the big Bang was multiple bangs and contains a density beyond the Kobe Koba. Yes, and it’s attracting us to a point on the bubble of the universe, each object and it’s speeding up. I think it’s acceleration is point 3 the speed of light or it’s faster than the speed of light 1.3. And that must be a super massive object through multiple big bands. And no telling how it’s flowing, but right now. It’s worth celebrating towards it right? Which means that we don’t feel it really? We’re waitless to it, but we have wait within our own system right and does when you’re drawing with your circles. Where the outer edges move in towards the center of something goes towards the planet. Well, in this case, everything would go farther and farther apart like a big bubble and that would make us a geod. And the center of our universe, we can’t find so it’s there, but there Apparently’s not enough mass to create another Big Bang, so we are the crystal structure of the last thing and magically. Water landed on this planet like a droplet. And that’s what we’re gonna have to calculate. As are there spots where water seems to form in driplets in certain areas? For some reason, like something broke apart and splattered in the big Bang. But I’m talking to you. Once something leaves a big Bang, you cannot catch it. It’s very hard to catch something that leaves at the speed of light so it’s out there. If it starts to be pulled back in from so much mass ejected, then we could have a different collapsing structure beyond the edge of our universe that we don’t realize but it’s super heavy.
This only explains tides to those who know very little about the topic. It doesn’t explain why in Saint-Malo you get a variation of 11m but in Bournemouth you only get 3m. It also doesn’t explain the different timings in tides between close-by places llike Saint-Malo and Bournemouth, London and Medway, etc… tides should grow and decrease at the same time in close-by areas … However, you get completely opposite tides in close-by areas: high in London, but Low in Medway sometimes… you also get very different sizes, like Bristol and Bournemouth, or Port Elmhurst and Port Elgin ( in canada) … This simply doesn’t not explain it.
It is yet MORE complicated than the article shows. Due to land mass comp!exity, the tides doNOT merely slosh back and forth! Ocean basins also show gyration, the forming of gyres, a far more circular sloshing around, that oceanographers and sailors know. The high tides actuall circulate around the outside of each gyre. The North Sea, for example, illustrates. The major high tide is recorded at different hours, depending upon relative longitude, as well as latitude. The sea height travels in a circular fashion, with the centers of specific gyres showing the LEAST tidal variation. You will often find certain small islands hardly varying at all in tidal range, due to this phenomenon. Since this gyration is consistent, no island or local group, that shows only 1 1/2 foot maximum tides, EVER exceeds these. (were it otherwise, shallow tidal organisms would be wiped out, so biological systems, so prolific in nearshore regions, would be different, as the lives would have had to evolve to handle the variable depth and absent or odd periodicites. The youtube crap and much human babble/gossip IGNORES ( In the relevant sense of Ignorance) this, and other change not commonly known to couch potatoes.
1:50 “This answer is satisfactory to many educators.” I hope you can see why this is a serious problems. Answers are not suppose to satisfy educators. They should satisfy the educated. I can see how this mistake might be made. An educator asks, “How should I answer when my student asks a question?” This means that the educator is not qualified to teach. How can you teach if you don’t know the subject? To teach pilots how to fly airplanes one must first learn to fly airplanes, then they need to learn how to teach others how to fly them. So rather than trying to satisfy the educator, try satisfying the student. A rather funny thing happened when my friend, who is an amputee had his daughter ask, “Where did I come from?” She was, I think 3 at the time. He said simply, “Well your mom and I wanted to have a baby so we took a piece of me, and we took a piece of your mom and mixed them up and we made you.” This was not quite a satisfactory answer, but the little girl saw there was a problem my friend hadn’t noticed. Remember, my friend is an amputee. The little girl pointed out, “But mommy still has all her parts.” This is where he would get into trouble. He answered, “Don’t be so sure. You’ve never seen mommy’s tail have you.” This satisfied the child. She was made from daddy’s leg and mommy’s tail. A few weeks later they were perusal an old home movie. They had had an old 8mm home movie transferred to DVD. The movie was made when the mother was about 3, and the daughter was fascinated to see her mom, at the age she was now, playing.
Nonsense! There’s no such thing as grabbity… Clouds can weigh a million pounds and are in a state of buoyancy. Once they collect together, density takes over, resulting in rain, ice, or snow. Gravity is density and buoyancy. Hot air and helium satellite balloons prove density over gravity. Density (volumetric mass density or specific mass) is the substance’s mass per unit of volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter D can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume. Where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume, although this is scientifically inaccurate – this quantity is more specifically called specific weight. Buoyancy, or upthrust, is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of a partially or fully immersed object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid is greater than at the top of the column. Similarly, the pressure at the bottom of an object submerged in a fluid is greater than at the top of the object. The pressure difference results in a net upward force on the object. The magnitude of the force is proportional to the pressure difference, and (as explained by Archimedes’ principle) is equivalent to the weight of the fluid that would otherwise occupy the submerged volume of the object, i.
Uh, the “bulge” thing doesn’t happen. That’s a good way to illustrate those driving forces, but the tide wave that the bulges represent, with a wavelength of about 12000 miles long, sees even the deepest ocean basins as “shallow” and follows the shallow water dispersion relationship. It turns the “bulges” simply can’t travel fast enough to remain static (about 1000 mph!). But the idea does illustrate the driving forces, to which the oceans of the world respond to as a non-resonant driven system, weakly ringing at the frequencies of each non-resonant driving force. Look at amphidromic points next. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphidromic_point
I still call BS. No scientific explanation has ever led to me to believe that the moon is so strong that it literally PULLS THE FUCKING OCEAN and yet doesn’t crash into Earth? If I drop a feather, the moons gravity should have a measurable difference from high tide to low tide, but does it? It all sounds like a wonderful theory, but none of it adds up.
I hate all articles that says “they didn’t teach you THAT in school, here’s the real thing.” 1. Not my fault if your teachers were crap. I’ve learnt it properly. 2. You can’t expect primary teachers to know everything. 3. They probably taught it right, but the class was full of little disrupting idiots, you probably missed out this bit.
Truth is too much for you 🤣 In relation to the tidal phenomenon, I liked what I wrote that there is a constant flow between the center of the Moon and the Earth, where these expanding condensations of dark energy circulated by the nuclei of the expanding atoms are constantly pushed into the opposite sphere and are activated during the push through each other. And corresponding already activated thickenings are pushed against, so the probability of encountering the next ones increases, etc., etc. Now these concentrations of dark energy interact more strongly with matter, accelerating its expansion, so the sea also expands more strongly. Hence the tidal phenomenon on both sides of the expanding Earth without a pulling force and without curved space. 🤔
I find this interesting, well explained concept I would say, and I say this because i saw how you easily mix well known theories accepted as facts which is done so often by many now days, those, damaging the result when this type of situations happen and then are mix with some True facts, but this does not change the fact that you did a diligent work with the passion the few do. Yes, my comment is not with the intent to offend you or anyone, but to express my own opinion according to my knowledge i have acquired with time, and perhaps even discuss the topic in a sane calm way and or agree to disagree, we don’t need to become enemies just because we have a disagreement.
The apple tree thing didnt seem to happen, it was more to do with a conversation between Newton and Robert Boyle. Boyle said to Newton, have you got a formula for gravity? Newton said yes, it here someplace in my office, I will find it. Boyle said I think its got to be someing divided by r sqaured, what you think? After allot of work, Newton came up with the whole formula.Great article. This makes much more sense.
13:11 ”…due to climate change….”; Artificial scarcity is used to coerce behavioral alliance in expectation of distributive advantage. Useful idiots behave opportunistically due to the shallowness of their informational appetite. They choose Fruit Loops over bananas, apples, oranges, grapes, and plums because they fear the enormity and complexity of the truth.
This is another hokey explanation concerning why there are two high tides, and how they work. Note at 5:47 in the article, the illustration clearly shows that the particles at the top and bottom of the screen, because they are further away from the attracting mass at the right of the screen, than are the particles at the center of the screen, that those aforementioned particles should flow toward the high tide that is on the left side of the screen, away from the attracting mass, relative to the particles at the center of the screen. This of course would predict that the high tide on the opposite side of the planet from the moon, would be higher, than the tide on the side of the planet on the same side as the moon. And this is clearly not the observed case for two high tides on Earth. The problem with this explanation is found in Einstein’s description of space/time. To understand two high tides, and how they work, one must get rid of this space/time idea, and get back to the Cartesian coordinate system that best describes space, and just look at how time affects gravity. Einstein’s space/time is predicated upon the errant notion of curved space, which was fabricated by Einstein to make some of the mathematics of gravity easier. This mathematical shortcut does not reflect reality, and in fact, Einstein’s mathematical shortcut, space/time, makes the math much more difficult to gain an understanding of what our reality is.
Great explanation. Thank you. Always found the moon gravity explanation not complete or correct. It is important to be open to learning more. A lot of people explain things away as if they know the final truth including well educated scientists. Always say “according to current understanding ..” or something similar.
“…in nearly all articles on the internet, you’ll get an answer that goes something like this…” Top results that came out before this article, that DON”T go something like that, ie, that get it right: The Tides – minutephysics 11yrs ago, 1.6M views The action of the tides – AFP News Agency 11yrs ago, 1.75M How Do Tides Work? – BrainStuff 9yrs ago, 1.5M Tides: Crash Course Astronomy #8 – CrashCourse 8yrs ago, 1.5M What Physics Teachers Get Wrong About Tides! – PBS Space Time 8yrs ago, 2M Ocean’s Tides Explained – AtomicSchool 5yrs ago, 1.5M Neil deGrasse Tyson Explains the Tides – StarTalk 5yrs ago, 2.5M Why do Tides form on the side OPPOSITE the moon? – But Why? 3yrs ago, 306K Visualization of Tidal Forces – udiprod 3yrs ago, 76K The Physics of Tides – Higgsino physics 3yrs ago, 30K Why are there TWO high tides per day? – Dr. Becky 1yr ago, 122K Top results that DO go something like that… How does the Moon control Earth’s tides? – ABC Science 3yrs ago, 119K What Causes Tides? – NOAA SciJinks 2yrs ago, 387K How Do Tides Occur? – BRIGHT SIDE SCIENCE 1yr ago, 134K How Tides are Formed – Amit Sengupta 5yrs ago, 551K
Excellent job! As a lifetime sailor, your info hits home, particularly around the need to listen to locals to understand. I wish, however, you have mentioned one group of people who know the tides better than anyone else in a given region: indigenous peoples. Perhaps not the why of it, but certainly the what, when, and how of it.
You can imagine the Earth without water, as water balances the shape of the Earth, its rotation around itself, and around the sun. Tides are considered a safety valve for the Earth and its rotation. As the water melts, the Earth slows down its rotation. Water has increased due to the melting of the ice caps in the poles and the Himalayas, and thus, the rotational force also increases… Now: The length of the year now is (365 1/4 +_(2 minutes))… These studies were completed and sent on July 26, 2000… Yousif Ayoub Tobiya