DNA is a fundamental molecule that holds life’s blueprint and is found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, including plants and animals. Chromosomes consist of two long polynucleotide chains, known as DNA chains or DNA strands, which are composed of four types of nucleotide subunits: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). Each nucleotide is made up of three primary components: a nitrogen-containing region called a nitrogenous base, a carbon-based sugar molecule called phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
DNA is made of four types of nucleotides, which are linked covalently into a polynucleotide chain (a DNA strand) with a sugar-phosphate backbone. The inside of the molecule, or the “steps” of the staircase, consists of the nucleotide bases Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and Thymine. C bonds to G by three hydrogen bonds, while A bonds to T by two hydrogen bonds. A and G are double-ringed structures called “purines”.
DNA is made of four types of nucleotides, which are linked covalently into a polynucleotide chain (a DNA strand) with a sugar-phosphate backbone. Each molecule of DNA is a double helix formed from two complementary strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between G-C and A-T base pairs.
DNA is the information molecule, storing instructions for making other large molecules, called proteins. The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar groups. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its telomerase, which is an unusual structure.
In summary, DNA is a fundamental molecule that holds life’s blueprint and is found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is wrapped around proteins and consists of four primary components: a nitrogenous base, a carbon-based sugar molecule, and a phosphate group.
📹 DNA structure – a biochemical look inside the double helix (and beyond…)
If you hear the word “polymer” you might think of “plastic” – “plastic” is actually a pretty generic term used to encompass lots of …
Which part is made up of DNA?
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and most other organisms. It is found in the cell nucleus (nuclear DNA) and a small amount in the mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Mitochondria convert energy from food into a form that cells can use. DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, with over 99 percent of them being the same in all people.
The order of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences. DNA bases pair up to form base pairs, which are attached to sugar and phosphate molecules, forming nucleotides. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands, forming a spiral called a double helix.
What is the main component of a DNA molecule?
The molecular components of DNA include phosphates, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. This image may be utilized for non-commercial, educational purposes with a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 4. 0 license, provided that the University of California Museum of Paleontology and Understanding Science is duly credited.
What is the internal structure of the DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a linear sequence of nucleotides that forms a double helix structure comprising two complementary strands held together by hydrogen bonds. The process of DNA replication entails the utilization of a single DNA strand as a template for the synthesis of a new DNA strand. The genetic information contained within the DNA sequence provides the instructions for the synthesis of all proteins that will be produced by the organism. In eukaryotes, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is situated within the cell nucleus.
What three parts make up a DNA molecule?
DNA is composed of nucleotides, which consist of a phosphate group, a sugar group, and one of four types of nitrogen bases. These bases are linked into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups alternating. The order of these bases determines the biological instructions contained in a strand of DNA. The complete DNA instruction book for a human contains about 3 billion bases and about 20, 000 genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes.
What makes up the inside of the DNA molecule?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is composed of two double helix-shaped strands, each with an alternating sugar and phosphate backbone. Each sugar is attached to one of four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T), which resemble a twisted ladder.
What is the structure of a DNA molecule internal or external?
DNA is a complex molecule composed of nucleotides, each containing a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. It contains pyrimidines cytosine and thymine, and purines adenine and guanine. Nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds, with a free phosphate group at the 5ʹ end and a free hydroxyl group at the 3ʹ end. Chargaff discovered that the amount of adenine is approximately equal to the amount of thymine in DNA, and that the amount of guanine is approximately equal to cytosine.
Watson and Crick, building on Chargaff’s work, proposed the double helix model and base pairing for DNA structure. DNA is composed of two complementary strands oriented antiparallel to each other with phosphodiester backbones on the exterior of the molecule. Heat or chemicals can break hydrogen bonds between complementary bases, denaturing DNA. Cooling or removing chemicals can lead to renaturation or reannealing of DNA by allowing hydrogen bonds to reform between complementary bases. DNA stores instructions needed to build and control the cell, which is transmitted through vertical gene transfer.
What is DNA made of?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a double-stranded helix composed of adenine (A) paired with thymine (T) and guanine (G) paired with cytosine (C). The molecule is held together by weak hydrogen bonds between purine-pyrimidine nucleotide base pairs. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) offers a wealth of information on a range of topics related to cancer, including detailed descriptions of different cancer types, updates on the latest research, details on available grants, training resources, the latest news, and upcoming events.
What is DNA made up up?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is composed of four nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). These nucleotides form chemical bonds, known as base pairs, which connect the two DNA strands. The official website of the United States government provides information on a range of topics related to cancer, including its various forms, ongoing research, available grants, training opportunities, the latest news, upcoming events, and details about the National Cancer Institute (NCI).
What elements make up DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is composed of five atoms: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen. The DNA molecule is formed into two distinct structural units: deoxyribose, a five-carbon sugar molecule, and one of four nitrogen bases.
What does DNA molecule contain?
DNA is a linear molecule made up of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). The DNA sequence is the order of these bases. Genes carry genetic information and are inherited by offspring during reproduction. DNA’s molecular shape is described as a “double helix” or a ladder, with two anti-parallel strands twisting to form a double helix. The ladder’s chemical backbones are made up of sugar and phosphate molecules connected by hydrogen bonds.
In cells, the DNA helix often overwounds, causing supercoiling. DNA forms a complex with proteins called chromatin in the nucleus, which condenses into smaller volume. DNA chromosomes are often depicted as X-shaped structures, formed during DNA replication during cell division.
📹 The Structure of DNA
An exploration of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. If you want to learn more, join our free-to-audit, open online …
After finishing my BS in bio, I’ve gone on to pursue a career in bioinformatics. Going back and refreshing my memory on these basic concepts, I’m amazed at how many of the smaller details I’d forgotten. Thank you so much for this article. You’ve covered the smaller details while keeping it very concise and clear. The visuals are outstanding and the narration is calming and chill enough to listen to when getting ready to go to sleep. 10/10!
Omg, please i request you to put more articles like these on different topics, it is really appreciated, I wish I could have found this article 6 years before for better understanding the concept behind how the beautifully the DNA🧬 is structured ❤🙁 please post more and more we need you, there’s only 5 articles I could see on this website, please I request you to post more and more such animated articles, also I got to know your websites, I’ll be checking out them now, but please🙏 keep posting
This article is really amazing! SERIOUSLY! This is the best article I’ve found which took it’s time to explain DNA from A to Z on the visual side !!! I seriously applaud whoever or the group of people who created this article!!!! I can sense a great level of care and passion was taken place while doing this article. We need more instructors, articles as these in the world. For the most part, science is so compacted, it must be taught carefully and in finer details. Some people lose their interest because of inpatient instructors, or lack of effort from the well knowledgeable teachers, researchers and so forth. Some people also may think because someone doesn’t understand a certain material or materials, they are incompetent, unable to succeed but the truth is not everyone’s brain functions the same. Some people might know how to draw a sun on paper with a marker in two seconds and can’t easily understand photosynthesis. Others may not even know where to start to draw a sun on paper with a marker but can understand photosynthesis right away.
OMG! This is the best DNA explaination article I’ve seen! I feel like after such a visualization I’ll never forget it. You really helped me a lot to finally understand it. And you’ve included hydrogen bonds and pi-pi ones, reason behind bases pairing like that and other details I had no idea about. Thank you so much! Love from Russia
Amazing job! 👏 I am in 9th standard but I study high level biology concepts cuz my its my fav sub :D, could you also do a vid explaining structure of biomolecules and nucleophilic attacks? Its a really complicated topic so….. Please consider, tks. Edit: I also want to understand sense and anti-sense tks
# Welcome, please help me explain the origins of life .I will talk about the emergence of single cell objects . Please explain the phases of the (first cell) .These are compounds in the same cell 1-amino acids 2-peptides 3 – chains of nucleic acids 4-nucleotides .Question Who is the former? Is it amino acids or nucleotides? .The second question is who is the former Are they nucleic acids or peptides? .There are contradictions in the stages of the components of life .We ask you to develop explanations for the origin of life .We ask you to develop explanations free of contradictions .Please send me my letter to biologists and chemistry
Umm… DNA is a microchip. It’s using 10 base 2 logic. 1 > 2 > 4 > 8 > 16 > 32 > 64 > 128 > 256 > 512 Bits of data per Major, Minor group. Transmission, is using a checksum at a timed interval represented as the electron pair distance (clock). Cycle is read/write per rotation 2piR. I get it now. All DNA strands are chips.
i wish there where another model introduced that showed the number of protons held in each spot instead of just a dot. Yes, I know, they show us the letter C so, therefore, we’re supposed to just to KNOW that this is a carbon ring but NO, i want to see SIX DOTS (representing the number of protons) in each spot instead of trying to visualize it in my head. I hope I am not the only person who has thought of this.
Now, We are just the same molecule of DNA since the beginnings of life? I know the sequence of how the series of aminoacids are joined dictate the identification of a species, that’s how you can see for example that we are 99% equal to Chimpanzees, but, that means there is a line of DNA that is sequenced the same way from our ancestors. In that order, there is a basic sequence for the primitive beings? Can you identify and extract DNA information of a living being, to find the sequence of DNA of past species?
GOD IS GREAT. The unit called ‘sulfuric Bridge’ only appearing after 10 nucleic acids have been placed, then every 5, then every 6, then 5 again as it repeats and never changes: ’10-5-6-5′ In Hebrew, as well as all languages, they carry a sequence of numbers; The ancient Jews spoke of the name of God as YHWH ‘Yud-Hei-Vav-Hei’ the sequence of numbers behind those Hebrew characters are pretty fascinating considering they are these numbers: 10-5-6-5 Terrifying for some. Fascinating for others.
I am an endocrinologist in training (the program is painfully long) and every single human being (and all living animals for that matter) are having their DNA undergoing 70,000 ‘lesions’ per second (DNA is packaged in the nucleus of every single cell of your body) and of these 70,000 lesions, 25 are full double-helical breaks. This happened even while you were in your mother’s womb. It will continue to happen from birth to death. The source? Cosmic radiation, predominantly, then there are the obvious environmental sources, i.e., pollution, drugs/alcohol (legal and illegal), exposure to low-level toxic materials (even low-chronic ingestion of lead in tap water). However, your body has repair mechanisms that repair these lesions; more importantly the full double-helical splits, and anything that interferes with these can potentially lead to uninhibited growth of the aberrant cell, which we broadly call cancer.
Aging & simplistic design… species build with that kind of odd design are known to be ultra primitive. That is, from our M-31 Aquarius knowledge point of view. I would avoid any contact with such species, just contain them in the area where they are right know. Be very careful with further developments.
Since when I was in Intermediate School, I was interested in DNA. That’s may be the reason why I feel intrigued in this article. By perusal this article, I learned that DNA has its own order in its lines and each lines are called “Watson” and “Crick”. There’s must be other interesting secrets about DNA I might feel happy to understand . I hope I can see them soon not in the vague but in the vivid color. 10818 안재율
This vid is smart! I’ve been trying to find for a YouTube vid that teaches the ideas in this YouTube vid! 👨⚕️ 👍Your vid is similar to the content of Dr. Ethan. Doctor’s articles are educational and I actually learned a lot for wellness. He is an educational Doctor in Nottingham and he teaches medical school! Go see his YouTube out and give the Dr a like! 👉 #DoctorEthanOnYouTube
There was a decagon pattern (10 sided shape) on what looked like a molecule towards the end – and I’m thinking with each point, they represent the laws of nature or the ten commandments. Here’s a couple of examples: We know that it’s wrong to steal or, it’s wrong to kill another person. We have emotions and feelings – the ability to feel and love. Automatically we just know or we just feel it. God has incorporated his laws into the human DNA. So that distinguishes why we are the way we are naturally. Our DNA is like a recorder which records our lives. And is passed on from generation to generation.This is truely amazing. God is real.
1:40 If like me you are confused because the C atoms in the sugar are number counterclockwise, while perhaps you expected them to be clockwise, image to make the same drawing with a marker on glass. Now if you look at the glass from one side, you get the C atoms numbered counterclockwise, and the 5′ to 3′ prime direction going left to right (on the top polymer); if you look at it from the other side, you get the C atoms numbered clockwise and the 5′ to 3′ direction going right to left!