Planetary interior refers to the internal structure of a planet, including the mantle and core, where heat is generated and transferred through processes like convection and thermal diffusion. This process influences geological phenomena such as volcanism, plate tectonics, and the formation of compact exoplanetary systems. The role of size in accretion and differentiation during the formation of planets is crucial, with radioactive decay being the most important heat source today.
Large silicate planets (Earth, Venus) likely started out as molten magma oceans, which may have been helped by a thick early atmosphere. This process almost certainly happened in the inner Solar System, leading to the formation of Earth and other terrestrial planets. Smaller planets generally have smaller cores, but Mercury has a surprisingly large core, possibly suffering from a giant impact.
Proto-planets embedded in their natal disks acquire hot envelopes as they grow and accrete solids, ensuring that the material’s molecular weight is limited during a polluted planet’s embedded cooling phase. When the disk ultimately dissipates, the envelope’s compositional dilution ends. Unless the planet accretes sufficient material to become a gas giant, its accretion of solids ultimately ends and the planet enters a phase of cooling.
Accretion in forming planets results from the transfer of kinetic energy of objects striking the proto-planet surface. The time to cool depends on volume divided by surface area, with larger planets taking longer to cool. The siderophile element abundances of the upper mantle are too high for equilibration of molten Fe-Ni and silicate.
Around the time planets were nearly formed, their interiors started to melt or become soft through accretional heating. Debris formed on impact can blanket the planetary surface, helping to retain heat inside the planet. Planetary atmospheres born in such environments can be optically thin to both incident starlight and internally generated thermal radiation.
📹 The Formation of the Solar System in 6 minutes! (4K “Ultra HD”)
The story of how our Earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago, told from the perspective of an asteroid called Bennu (which has …
What happens during planetary accretion?
The theory of accretion provides an explanation for the formation of planetesimals, which accumulate further materials, forming protoplanets that subsequently evolve into planets within the solar system.
Does accretion heat planets?
Acretional heating in planet formation occurs due to the transfer of kinetic energy from objects striking the proto-planet surface. By accounting for all energy transfer for every cratering event, it is theoretically possible to determine the thermal state of newly-formed planets. This information is sourced from ScienceDirect, a website that uses cookies and holds copyright for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
What is the effect of accretion?
Stellar evolution can significantly change when material is accreted, bringing mass, energy, and new chemicals to the star. Some energy is kept by the star as thermal energy, while some is directly radiated away. The deposition of accreted material in the star is crucial for its evolution. The heat injected by the accreted material into the forming star is parametrized using the following equations: M ⋆ and R ⋆, Ṁ acc is the accretion rate, and ξ is the accretion efficiency. The upper limit is set at 0. 5 to account for radiative cooling from the disc surface and the geometry of the problem. The star only accrets on a small surface, generally at mid latitude.
What is the cold accretion theory?
The Cold Accretion Theory posits that the Earth formed 4. 6 billion years ago from a multitude of diminutive, solid bodies that were gravitationally drawn inward, ultimately coalescing into a single planet.
How do planets cool?
The rate of cooling at the planetary surface is dependent upon the ratio of surface area to volume, which is directly proportional to the inverse of the radius for a spherical planet. Consequently, an increase in radius results in a greater acceleration of cooling.
What is the purpose of accretion?
Accrution is the gradual and incremental growth of assets, particularly in finance, where it involves the accumulation of additional income an investor expects to receive after purchasing a bond at a discount and holding it until maturity. The accretion rate is determined by dividing the bond’s discount by the number of years in its term to maturity. Accrution can occur through organic growth or through transactions, such as acquiring assets at a discount or cost below their perceived current market value (CMV).
In securities markets, buying at a discount involves purchasing bonds below their face value, while buying at a premium involves purchasing above the face value. In finance, accretion adjusts the cost basis from the purchase amount to the anticipated redemption amount at maturity.
Are accretion disks hot or cold?
Accretion disks are the most prominent in galactic nuclei and quasars, which are massive black holes at the center of galaxies. Matter enters these disks following a trajectory called a tendex line, which describes an inward spiral. This is due to frictional heating, which radiates energy away, reducing the particles’ angular momentum and driving the inward spiral. As a particle orbits closer, its velocity increases, and frictional heating increases, resulting in the accretion disk of a black hole being hot enough to emit X-rays.
The large luminosity of quasars is believed to be due to gas being accreted by supermassive black holes. Elliptical accretion disks formed at tidal disruption of stars can be typical in galactic nuclei and quasars. The accretion process can convert about 10% to over 40% of an object’s mass into energy, compared to around 0. 7% for nuclear fusion processes.
In close binary systems, the more massive primary component evolves faster and has already become a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole. When the less massive companion reaches the giant state and exceeds its Roche lobe, a gas flow develops from the companion star to the primary, leading to an accretion disk.
Accretion disks surrounding T Tauri stars or Herbig stars are called protoplanetary disks, as they are thought to be the progenitors of planetary systems. The accreted gas comes from the molecular cloud out of which the star has formed.
How do planets lose heat?
Accrution and differentiation occur when planets were young, with initial internal heat from formation dissipating depending on the size of the planetary body. Smaller bodies like the Moon or Mercury have lesser internal heat than Earth. Convection transports heat as hot material rises and cool material falls, transferring it from the mantle to the crust and escaping into space through radiation. The rate at which a planetary interior cools depends on its surface-to-volume ratio, with larger objects cooling more slowly.
Smaller worlds cool off faster and harden earlier, making the Moon and Mercury geologically “dead” due to their loss of internal heat from formation hundreds of millions of years ago. Earth, on the other hand, has cooled more slowly than smaller terrestrial planets due to the decay of radioactive isotopes, which keeps much of its interior molten and drives plate tectonics that shape and reshape the Earth’s surface.
Why is accretion theory not acceptable?
The Protoplanet theory suggests that a dense interstellar cloud forms a cluster of stars, with dense regions forming and coalescing into small blobs with random spins. These blobs have low rotation rates, resulting in stars with low rotation rates. Planets are smaller blobs captured by the star, with higher rotation than the planets of the Solar System. The theory accounts for this by splitting ‘planetary blobs’ into planets and satellites, but it remains unclear how planets were confined to a plane or why their rotations are the same.
How do we cool the planet?
The article highlights the importance of utilizing the sun’s free energy, reducing HVAC systems, practicing reuse, observing every drop, hanging dry instead of drying clothes, creating a mini forest, preferring non-wood products, and calculating carbon footprint. Climate change is a critical issue that affects our world and requires us to take action. The article provides 15 simple actions that can be done in our everyday routine to cool down our planet.
These actions include going solar, reducing HVAC systems, practicing reuse, observing every drop, hanging dry instead of drying clothes, creating a mini forest, avoiding non-wood products, and calculating carbon footprint. By taking these actions, we can help create a more sustainable future for our planet.
What makes a planet colder?
Venus, the hottest planet in the solar system, has a dense atmosphere that acts as a greenhouse, heating its surface to above the melting point of lead. The mean temperatures of planets in our solar system vary, with Mercury at 333°F, Venus at 867°F, Earth at 59°F, Mars at 85°F, Jupiter at 166°F, Saturn at 220°F, Uranus at 320°F, Neptune at 330°F, and Pluto at 375°F. Venus’s proximity to the Sun and dense atmosphere make it a unique example of how planetary surface temperatures decrease with distance from the Sun.
📹 Scientists Reveal What’s Actually Inside a Black Hole
Join us in today’s epic new video as we journey through the cosmos to understand what black holes are, how they form, and why …
For those who don’t understand the article much I’ll make it easier for you.(I’m not that good at explaining sorry) Our solar system was formed when a molecular cloud collapsed into itself because of its OWN gravity. Gases and dust particles start to come together getting closer and faster. They gain speed in a spinning motion. This process is called ‘Accretion’. The dust particles clump together and form the inner rocky planets while gases orbit the centre farther away and form gas giants.. The centre of accretion disk (disk formed by accretion) starts to form a new star called a protostar. At this point, gravity is still pulling mass together. The sun makes up about 99.8% of the mass of the solar system. It has a strong gravitational pull keeping all the planets in orbit. In order for an object to move in a circular path, a force needs to act on the object towards the centre of ITS orbit. The centre of orbit is not directly on the sun but close enough to the centre so some people say “we orbit the sun” which is not exactly correct. Any questions? I wrote this myself and my hand is starting to ache (ik this is a bit irrelevant to what the article is trying to tell)
So we are now unsure of exactly where or how gas giants form. We thought they must have formed far away from the star and travel inward because they are made up of very light gas and for the most part our solar system appears to be heaviest materials closest to the sun and lighter further out. But now that we are finding exoplanets orbiting other stars, pretty much every gas giant we have found has been very close (called “hot Jupiters”). We have even found a few proto gas giants forming, and they are forming near their host star.
Ultra hd. Great for graphics . Wtf is this nonsense. Skip how the planets formed while under gravitational force from sun. And exploding outwards. While everything we see is on the same directory for ever and since any recorded star chart. And I need to turn the light on to go down stairs. What am I scared of, turning the light on isn’t going to stop us crashing into anything at any time. It’s strange how fast we travel through nothing, and how easy it is for meteorites and rockets and space pods to travel in and out of the atmosphere . With no care for the way we are colliding through nothing. Or effect from any gravity until they need it. Where it is clear gravity from planets and sun still work in space. And gravity has the same effect on an object in a vacuum not matter it’s size shape or mass. Confused ! You will be
How is it that the shockwave of that nearby supernova did not disperse the cloud that created our solar system? And how is it that these chondrules, moving at hyper velocities, managed to stick together? Common sense tells me that the chondrules would have smashed themselves into even tinier particles, making the possibility of growing more massive by these collisions less likely. Could somebody please clear these things up for me.
Wrong! Imagine a trampoline with sand on it. Jump on the trampoline or just simply vibrate the trampoline and the sand will all gather in the middle. So what is vibrating space? The expansion of space is…. “Space is expanding” scientists agree. This expansion causes a minute vibration which in turn causes objects to bundle together. Why don’t objects ever crash head on with each other? They are “attracted to each other” is what they say. Because the expansion of space causes ripples in space around objects…. You can, should, be able to figure out the rest. Btw, this expansion causes GRAVITY!!!! 100% fact!
When someone’s home catches fire and burns, all that fine craftsmanship is converted into smoke. So, I guess you are saying that the smoke will somehow condense into a new house somewhere else by ‘gravity and turbulence’? I don’t think so. What is the force that would cause the smoke in a nebula, the remnants of a supernova out in space to condense? Gravity just isn’t strong enough. If you go out into deep space and pull the pin on a grenade, will that expanding cloud of shrapnel eventually slow down, stop, and begin to condense back into a grenade? I kind of doubt it. The individual particles have much more than enough velocity to escape. How much greater is the explosive energy of a supernova than that of a grenade? How much greater the velocity of the particles expanding from a supernova than those of a grenade? It will never condense. This makes no sense. Even if this planetary condensation somehow ‘happened to happen’, what would cause the impartation of rotational inertia? There is a thing called the conservation of rotational inertia. How do you account for the impartation of spin to the Sun about it’s axis, to the planets, each about their own axis, to the moons, each about their axis? How do you account for the individual rotations of these around each other, and then around the Sun? The Solar System is a marvelously crafted, celestial clock. Will the exploded remnants of that grenade ever condense into a clock? I kind of doubt it. The only reason one would believe this is account of the Formation of the Solar System is if one’s reasoning is based in atheism, which is itself the very definition of foolishness.
Hien! Ye kiaa actually The sun formed before planets not after the planets sir it formed when the temperature and pressure in the centre of nebula rise and formed a ball of hydrogen in the middle creating a protostar also know as SUN and the remaining infinite particles get together and form chondrules and when these chondrules clump they grow into asteroids planets mountains etc
Finally someone gets it. You don’t know how long I’ve been searching. Thanks to all those that formulated a complicated unimagineable universe from a telescope. What if it were a little simpler? Like say the sun was created by friction and friction created gravity and gravity created balance and balance created the universe.🤔 Naw that could never happen
According to the hypothesis of the evolution of the universe, when it has not yet evolved, all matter and energy are in balance, and the matter and energy it needs are diffused outward in accordance with the laws of physics (the gravitational force of matter balance is canceled), so where is the matter, energy and gravitational to evolve? So it can only be created by God.
Just My opinion God created everything according to science it was divided day and night . Everything is running according to time zone . The distance of the every planet is so prefectly placed . Evry sun is bigger to one another . Thier are many suns, planet,galaxy more on the space tht is not discovered still. it makes we wonder,evn apes of monkey family will never can be human evn it take billions of years of transformation, I believe thier is someone personal holder of this Universe
Didn’t say that life was perfect but I’m looking at it as what I learned an what they taught you don’t hold being or people down suffocating them or to move to a better place that should help you they destroy up the earth every chance they get that’s how I feel so if I was born that way it had to be more around like me huh thinking of the atmosphere or what was on here befor me funky butt
As soon as I was born I crawled a bit an immediately I formed a ship with my hands that looked like an egg I was hit in the head by a lizard like creature an it took my ship weird huh,if I could memory correctly an truth be told i did two I also walked around as baby on this earth I also took the dirt of my body an formed another earth maybe more then one an when I traveled space I did the dirt ony body an form an earth to go onto for school something like that,
Well I know what I did as tom I was born on a earth comeing out the sky or through the sky like a meteor or comet just gasic like in the sky from which the cells alowed me to see an record my surroundings An as nieve to all this I was formed in the sky until I hit ground an water that was on the ground as I can memory
Thea earth is about 6,000 years old… You are dating based on the candle-stick method called the geological column dating which has been debunked. The creation of the geological column and their fossils are exclusive to those which appear in a favored and evolutionary order. When given all possible fossils, the geological column is not even consistent with concurrent results. A rocks physical appearance cannot distinguish the system or strata level to which a rock may belong. There are clams on top of mt Everest. Formation that happened rapidly over a short period deposited over the course of a year during a catastrophic flood that God caused against an unrepentant generation. Repent and turn to the LORD Jesus Christ, who by all things consist. God named be before I was born and his presence is always on my head, so don’t tell me I don’t know what I’m talking about.
How the hell was water created, I’m so damn confused. If earth was an asteroid how does it just suddenly have water now or grass or trees or any nature. How are animals just created, I’m so confuseddddddddddddd. Water just exists, like apparently Oxygen atoms and Hydrogen atoms just one day decide “yeah lets fuse” and waters created wtfffff.
Does a math problem solve it’s self? Someone needs to solve that math problem on purpose and needs to know how to solve it and what to do so how does our solar system build it self if it’s not alive to know anything if a dead person can bring them self back to life than any math problem can solve it’s self
I have a question that I’m sure you could answer. I’m recently discovering our Universe & Planet Earth on my own; as far as understanding-it goes. I watch clips of NASA’s Satellites w/ cameras aboard showing (just like this article) space & the earth’s horizon &/or articles of Outerspace. I never see the Satellites or Space Station run into a Meteor Shower or Astroids, & I wonder why I never see stars either. Why? Thank you! ~ Peace from Northern Cali.
What’s inside a blackhole is nothing but the matter that it once was, and that it takes in. It is a near-infinitely dense sphere. It is not hallow or a gateway to some alternate dimension or reality. It is just what happens when things get attracted to each other a little more than usual. It is so dense that photons of light bend near it or are also absorbed into it, which is why it is black. We romanticize Dracula as being a vampire when he was just a vicious ruler from history. Black holes are no exception. They are not paranormal phenomena or objects. They are merely byproducts of the extreme limits of the laws of physics. Nothing more, nothing less.
The article didn’t mention a very important way of super massive black holes forming. Direct collapse. This step is thought to be needed to get to the black holes we see now. As while all the ways the article listed do cause black holes to grow, there hasn’t been enough time for any of them to actually grow to super massive status through just those means. But with direct collapse, you start with a much bigger black hole, possible 10s of thousands of solar masses right away, maybe more. So it makes it a lot easier to get to the sizes we see in the time they have to get there.
No one will ever know what is inside a black hole. Or at least for the next few million years. Perhaps in the distant future whatever remains of humanity will understand what is and is not possible. Right now however we are still relatively a young species. We’ve learned a lot but there is so SO much more we don’t know and will sadly never know.
I know this is not on topic but, I’ve always been curious as to what would happen if the Sun, just disappeared. No explosion. No implosion. Just, darkness. Jupiter is the 2nd biggest thing in our area of the Universe so, would we suddenly be pulled that way in a violent jolt or, would we become rogue & just drift til the Earth became a frozen wasteland? Something that’s always bounced in my head.
For every second at the event horizon, how much time expires far from the black hole? The answer is so much time that the black hole will have evaporated. In other words time stops at the event horizon. The next question is how much time expires for a meter stick to pass through the event horizon? It has to be zero time. How can that be? If an object free falls into a black hole how fast is it going at the event horizon? Keep in mind that the escape velocity for an object just before the event horizon is the speed of light. How can an object go the speed of light? So time flows forward outside the black hole and time stops at the event horizon. What happens to time inside the black hole? It might be negative or imaginary. If negative then the object has to go back to the event horizon. Could it be that time prevents any singularity from ever forming?
Supermassive black holes appear to be formed by direct collapse of large clouds of gas in the early universe when it was more dense. There simply hasn’t been enough time for a supermassive to form through a first generation star to form a black hole and grow through eating and merging. Also, there are other possible objects, such as gravastars, which don’t violate quantum mechanics like conventional black holes do by having a singularity. Singularities are a violation of quantum mechanics since they are alleged to have infinite density.
So a black-hole freezes time, what if a black hole also freezes time in your molecules? Or atoms? Or for your entire body? Or what ever? So, theoretically, could you survive the spaghettification? If a black hole indeed freezes time around you, when you fall into a black hole, so doesn’t the black hole also freeze the time in your body?
Sorry one bit is wrong the blackhole in the centre of the milkyway is Sagittarius A star. Not Sagittarius A that is the name of the constellation see below: Sagittarius A* is the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center of the Milky Way. Viewed from Earth, it is located near the border of the constellations Sagittarius and Scorpius
Absolutely one of your best articles yet! Very well done 😊 Something kind of neat with gravitational lensing- light from a galaxy can diverge in different directions when it passes through gravity wells. Because some of the light takes longer to reach us, some stars and galaxies appear in our sky in more than one place. Science was able to predict where a supernova would be in the future after observing it first. Or something like that, but pretty neat tid bit!
What is this documentary? There’s so much wrong just in the first few minutes. 1. 0:48 I hear this in so many documentaries on black holes where the narrator says “The gravity becomes so strong that light itself can’t escape”. Light isn’t subject to gravity. Photons are not a physical “particle” that can be pulled in. “Nothing can travel faster than light”. Speed has nothing to do with light’s inability to escape the event horizon of a black hole. Light is a wave. That wave – in theory – travels in space-time. That wave’s path can be distorted. Water can bend light. It can also slow it, separating the wave into various frequencies (refraction). If water can do this, there no doubt other forces capable of doing it as well. Gravity cannot stop light, but it can bend space-time. It can warp the path that light takes. When it warps it enough, it can force it into an infinitely inward path. It’s not gravity’s PULL that stops the light escaping, but its ability to warp the light’s path. 2. 3:15 Light speed is 186,282 miles per SECOND, not hour, if unobstructed (if not slowed by a prism). Simple error in script editing, but still a massive inaccuracy. 3. 4:30 A star must have a mass 3x greater than our sun to go supernova. What? Any star can collapse and go supernova when it no longer has the ability to fuse the elements in its core to produce the outward pressure needed to counter the pull of its own gravity. The mass of the star only determines which elements will be present and whether or not a neutron star or a black hole will remain when this collapse happens.
What if….A black hole isn’t a hole. It isn’t the gravity of mass warping space into a bottomless cone, nor a tear in space time. What if it’s simply an area where space time expansion has slowed down from the spread of space time around it. Since Light must travel through space time and we are in normal expansion, anything in the slower space time disappears due to light stuck in slower expansion and we move on a faster medium that light can’t access. Everything in a black hole is still there. Just gone from view in a slower moving part of the universe we can’t observe.
18:00 so my question is what if 2 different people started “observing” at drastically different time’s? Say person 1 started observing when the “astronaut” first crossed the event horizon. Person 2 starts observing when the “astronaut” is 10yrs later. Would the “astronaut” appear in different positions?
Uuugh. As if I don’t have enough to worry about… I’m not really a worrier but hearing about space sends me into a weird panic. Trying to fathom the utter lunacy that we will all be dead for billions and billions of years and THEN the galaxy falls into a black hole…. just really effs with me …. and then getting spegghetified too? It just upsets me.
I see there’s earth, solar system, galaxy, universe a Multiverse inside of the universe, another universe that is outside of it. It’s created by a massive black hole that has galaxies inside of it, which creates a new universe, and it will keep continuing forever, will eventually turn into an Omniverse outside of our universe, which is mostly theory.
Respected info graphic show had a few quires in that matter of universe and Fermi paradox 1 lets just say point A is place where we are today in universe 2 tomorrow we are 1 have traveled one light day so on and so forth 3 it takes us a million years to develop as a complex human being who send out radio waves 4 so we start sending radio waves in all direction and but we are moving on direction where the milky way is 5 so now lets say yesterday is point A and million years is point B where we are traveling in straight line in space (milky way is also moving right) then what space occupied yesterday we cannot occupy that same space today right we are just maintaining orbit in milky way which y axis. 6 now as i have learnt i am just an average person from India so this is where my question lies 7 if we are moving in space and we have a different space every new day how can we say that we are transmitting radio waves every day every day we are moving away from the source we yesterday transmitted so at point a we transmitted a speed of light and bubble grows at speed of light and it becomes faint every day right then tomorrow is the same we do the same but it becomes a spiral of bubbles where the radio signal becomes weaker right so today space is yesterdays is empty space where the bubble started we are also traveling it transmitting so hear comes the biggest question which i don’t under how will be come to higher form lives lived there when we cannot see them in present day which is ie today first the space we have left behind which bank space with radio ways and how will anyone know we are here in the universe second how will we know that to look in space to see if there are or where intelligent species as we will not know because the information we spend out was so faint that no one notice or in the big time clock we are nothing .
What if the fabrics of space itself is influenced by supermassive black hole in the center of a galaxy, that we just can’t understand yet and matter can’t travel between the galaxy because it will disintegrated or just lost or loosely spreads out like a human stretched for million of light years long after no longer in that influence. And also that’s why other galaxy is moving away, because there is no fabric of space between them.
So how can there be stages of black holes if an infinitely dense point? Adding to infinity? I digress. But general theory of relativity is very convenient. What if we are missing a crucial detail? What if a black hole is imploding on itself? It’s a big bang. That infinite point gets reached in the middle of the implosion. Big bangs happen all the time. But what is time?
We can observe distant objects and black holes in this case by perusal how stars behave around them. We see the past of those events because of the light speed. If an object is 500 light years away, we can only see what this particular object looked like 500 years ago… Knowing that observable universe is as wide as thousands or millions light years away, there is no way of finding out the current state of those object. Even more black holes couldve been borned in this time.
This will probably rub some people the wrong way but meh, In the gospels, Yeshua “Jesus” talks about one of the punishment for the unbelievers is being “Cast into outer darkness, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” I have often wondered, since knowing about blackholes, if they are created to be someones eternal prison come judgement.